<p>Ronas Hill   is a Marilyn, the highest point of Mainland, Shetland, in Scotland. A Neolithic chambered cairn is located near the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ronas Hill (rön, meaning stony ground or scree) is on the Northmavine peninsula of Mainland, Shetland, at. The Norse name certainly describes the hilltop. It is the highest point on the entire Shetland archipelago. On a clear day, much of Shetland can be seen from the summit. It looks over Yell Sound, the North Sea, across to the Atlantic Ocean</p><br>
<h2>Botany</h2><br>
<p>Ronas Hill is a Ramsar site, containing many rare Arctic plants. Peculiarly for Shetland, there are several species of woodland fungi, notably ceps and chanterelles, which normally grow on the roots of deciduous trees (notable by their absence on Ronas Hill). Here, they are associated with creeping willow, which grows extensively on the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Chambered cairn</h2><br>
<p>On top of the hill, there is a Neolithic chambered cairn, unusual for its position on top of a hill. Most surviving Neolithic British cairns are sited in prominent places, but not generally on the top of taller hills. According to local farmers, until the construction of Sullom Voe Terminal in the mid-1970s, the cairn contained a variety of "sacrifice" items, such as coins (some "very old") and other items. Before that time, Ronas Hill would have been far off the beaten track.</p><br>
<p>Ronas Hill cairn shows evidence of substantial rebuilding of its upper structure, as evidenced by the lack of lichen on stones above the entry passage and main cyst. The current peak of pink granite stones is clearly visible from the valley below and may have been raised in height to serve as a "mede" or fishing mark in past centuries. The cairn was certainly altered by soldiers during a military exercise in the 1960s, when a wall was built around its entrance to turn it into a foxhole.</p><br>
<p>The Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York is a congregation within the Unitarian Universalist Association located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. It is the last surviving of seven Universalist congregations in the city, founded on the belief of universal salvation that emphasized the love of God for all people. Today, the congregation is non-creedal, welcoming a diverse range of religious beliefs and practices.</p><br>
<p>The congregation began in 1838 as New York Citys fourth society devoted to the Universalist faith (the previous three were founded in 1796, 1830 and 1832, respectively). The congregations original name was Friends of the Final Restitution and in 1848, it changed its name to the Church of the Divine Paternity. It officially took the name of Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York in 1967. Over the years it has attracted notable personalities such as P. T. Barnum, Horace Greeley, the Carnegie family and Lou Gehrig to its pews.In 1898, the congregation built its current home, dubbed "the Cathedral of Universalism," at West 76th Street and Central Park West on New York Citys Upper West Side. The architect, William Appleton Potter, based the design closely upon Magdalen Tower, Oxford, and buildings at Magdalen College. In 1993 Robert A. M. Stern and his co-authors described the church as "one of the few buildings to break from Central Park Wests prevailing Classicism." A rare design in English Perpendicular Gothic, it received praise from notable architects including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose daughter was married at the church. The church houses several significant artistic works, including an altar by Louis Comfort Tiffany, a bronze relief sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, a mosaic by R. H. Robertson, and stained glass windows by Clayton and Bell of London. The organ was donated by Andrew Carnegie and his wife, Louise Carnegie, the latter who was a member of the church. Originally designed and constructed by the Hutchings-Votey Organ Company of Boston, the organ was rebuilt and revised by the Ernest M. Skinner Company.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the congregation received inquiries from developers eager to obtain the church’s choice property location. Instead, the congregation joined with community activists, preservationists, and neighbors to form Save Our Universalist Landmark (SOUL) and successfully raised funds for maintenance and capital improvements. In return for these funds, the church promised not to exercise its development rights for a certain number of years, one of the first such agreements of its kind.</p><br>
<p>The congregation is known for its commitment to social justice, notably through its support of environmentalism, the LGBT community, and the Black Lives Matter movement. The church tower, dedicated by the congregation to peace and named "The Peace Tower of New York City," is used by NBC each November as its “high-tech command center” for live coverage of the Macy&#39;s Thanksgiving Day Parade.</p><br>
<p>On May 1, 2016 the congregation called the Rev. Schuyler Vogel to become its next Senior Minister. In February 2017, the membership voted unanimously to become a sanctuary congregation to protect undocumented Americans from deportation. Several weeks later, the building was vandalized by swastikas and hate speech, an incident that garnered national media attention.</p><br>
<h2>List of Ministers of the Fourth Universalist Society:</h2><br>
<p>William Whittaker, 1838-1840</p><br>
<p>Isaac D. Williamson, 1840-1843</p><br>
<p>Moses Ballou, 1843-1845</p><br>
<p>Thomas Lake Harris, 1846-1847</p><br>
<p>Edwin Hubbell Chapin, 1848-1880</p><br>
<p>Charles Henry Eaton, 1881-1902</p><br>
<p>Frank Oliver Hall, 1902-1919</p><br>
<p>Joseph Fort Newton, 1919-1925</p><br>
<p>Charles Francis Potter, 1927-1929</p><br>
<p>Frank Oliver Hall, 1929-1938</p><br>
<p>S.E. Gerard Priestley, 1938-1941</p><br>
<p>Eleanor G. Collie, 1941-1943</p><br>
<p>Benjamin B. Hersie, 1943-1954</p><br>
<p>Albert F. Ciarcia, 1955-1956</p><br>
<p>Raymond J. Baughan, 1957-1958</p><br>
<p>Leonard Helie, 1959-1967</p><br>
<p>Richard A. Kellaway, 1968-1973</p><br>
<p>Arlin Roy, 1973-1974</p><br>
<p>Joel Schoelfield, 1974-1984</p><br>
<p>Charles A. Howe, 1984-1985</p><br>
<p>Joyce H. Smith, 1985-1987</p><br>
<p>Robert A. Kaufmann, 1987-1989</p><br>
<p>Darrell Berger, 1989-1999</p><br>
<p>Richard Nugent, 1999-2001</p><br>
<p>Rosemary Bray McNatt, 2001-2014</p><br>
<p>Susan Milnor, 2014-2016</p><br>
<p>Schuyler Vogel, 2016–Present</p><br>
<p>Breddan Aerodrome is a heritage-listed abandoned aerodrome at Gregory Developmental Road, Breddan, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located 15 km north of Charters Towers. It was built from 1942 to 1943 by Allied Works Council and Queensland Main Roads Commission.&gt;The airfield was constructed for the USAAF 38th Bomb Group in August 1942 as a satellite field for Charters Towers Airport, and later used by the Royal Australian Air Force  during World War II as a maintenance base. Consisting of two runways, the airfield was abandoned after 1948. Today, the remains of the airfield consist of some deteriorating runways, taxiways and hardstands, mostly being reclaimed by grassland and shrub. No buildings have survived. It is also known as Breddan Airfield and Breddan WWII Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Salvage Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Breddan airfield, located about 13 kilometres north of Charters Towers, was initially constructed as a dispersal field for Charters Towers airfield during April 1942. In August 1942 Breddan was occupied by two squadrons of the US 38th Bombardment Group. On the departure of the US squadrons Breddan was chosen for development as a major aircraft repair and salvage depot under RAAF control. The construction program which took place during 1943 involved the erection of maintenance hangars, engineering workshops, torpedo stores, personnel camps, a power station and medical facilities. The base was abandoned after 1947.</p><br>
<p>As early as July 1941 the RAAF had ordered a survey of the Charters Towers district to identify sites for airfields to accommodate heavy bombers and combat aircraft. An initial survey was undertaken during September resulting in the identification of suitable airfield sites at Corinda (Charters Towers), Sandy Creek (Breddan) and several locations near Sellheim.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941 the Japanese made a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. At the same time Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. Three days after Pearl Harbor, two capital ships of the Royal Navy were sunk off the coast of Malaya. This gave the Japanese almost total control of the seas to Australia&#39;s north. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 and the rapid, unchecked Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies raised fears of the invasion of Australia and attacks on Queensland bases.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was the closest inland centre that could provide strategic support and aircraft dispersal facilities for the main North Eastern Area air base at Garbutt, Townsville, which was considered vulnerable to Japanese attack. The RAAF ordered commencement of preliminary work on an aerodrome at Charters Towers during January 1942. By early February Charters Towers airfield had been accorded high priority and Main Roads Commission engineers were engaged to supervise the clearing and construction of two gravel runways. The work was completed during March in readiness for the arrival of the United States Army Air Force 3rd Bombardment Group (Light).</p><br>
<p>Arrival of the US 3 BG(L) at Charters Towers saw the need for dispersal strips in the vicinity and the revival of the earlier investigation of the Sandy Creek airfield site north of the town. A second dispersal strip was planned at Southern Cross, a gold mining area to the west of the town.</p><br>
<p>Under MRC supervision, clearing and construction of an airfield at the Sandy Creek location on the northern inland road connecting Charters Towers with the Atherton Tableland, began on 10 April 1942. The new airfield was named Breddan; however the origin of the name remains uncertain. Completion of a gravel east-west runway was the priority, with clearing of a second north-south runway to follow. Dauntless dive bombers of 3 BG(L) arrived at Charters Towers in late March 1942 and some aircraft may have been dispersed to Breddan during April.</p><br>
<p>On 26 May, after discussions with the RAAF North Eastern Area Command, the USAAF decided that a heavy bombardment role proposed for Charters Towers airfield, would be transferred to Breddan, with torpedo workshops established between Charters Towers and Breddan. It was initially planned that when the US bombardment squadrons vacated Charters Towers, the airfield facilities would be occupied by a RAAF aircraft repair and salvage unit. With the US victory at Midway Island in early June, much of the proposed airfield construction program west of Charters Towers was abandoned. For Breddan the plan became one of completing both runways to gravelled stage and the erection of workshops and camp facilities.</p><br>
<p>By June a major construction program had commenced at Breddan with the erection of approximately 40 buildings which by July were noted to be urgently in need of camouflage painting. The buildings included an aircraft repair section workshop, a motor transport workshop near the southern entrance and camp facilities (No.1 Camp). The Allied Works Council (AWC) was responsible for contracting the building program. By late July Breddan was occupied by the RAAF No.12 Repair and Salvage Unit and ground crew of the USAAF 38th Bombardment Group (Medium).</p><br>
<p>On 22 August the 71st and 405th squadrons of the US 38 BG(M) arrived at Breddan after leaving Hawaii on 25 July and flying their B-25 Mitchell bombers across the Pacific Ocean. Their aircraft were combat ready on arrival and reunification with the ground crews who had reached Australia by sea. The main east-west Runway 60 was bitumen sealed by 22 August when most of the B-25 bombers arrived. The north- south second runway running parallel with a straight section of the northern inland road, was not completed.</p><br>
<p>The AWC contracted the construction of a USAAF camp at Breddan which was in the course of erection by 22 September when the US Base Section ordered that no further work be done on the camp. The Base Section also ordered that the main runway facilities be completed, but that all work on the second runway should be abandoned. The second runway later served as an aircraft taxiway for the northern repair and maintenance workshops.</p><br>
<p>By early October the 71st and 405th squadrons of the US 38 BG(M) had been posted to Townsville and Breddan was chosen for development as a major aircraft repair and salvage depot under RAAF control, based around No.12 Repair and Salvage Unit and No.6 Aircraft Repair Depot, RAAF. For this reason winding dispersal taxiways were considered unnecessary. The facilities required would include engineering workshops.</p><br>
<p>RAAF No.1 Torpedo Maintenance Unit was established at Breddan on 18 November 1942 and an order was placed with the AWC for construction of facilities for the unit including reinforced concrete igloo shelters for the storage of torpedoes and torpedo war heads. Ten reinforced concrete storage buildings for No.1 TMU were completed by June 1943 when provision was made for their camouflage.</p><br>
<p>RAAF No.6 ARD departed from Breddan during December 1942 and arrival of an advance party of No.13 ARD marked the beginning of a significant building program. RAAF No.13 ARD found a number of important building works were outstanding on their arrival at Breddan and the advance party were given the role of erecting their own workshops and stores as their first major task at the base. On 20 January 1943 the AWC was asked to proceed with construction of 11 buildings as part of the Breddan ARD Scheme. Buildings ordered comprised: salvage hangar, propeller testing building, armament hut, electroplating shop, battery hut, motor transport store and office, and four headquarters buildings. The workshops included a number of prefabricated steel frame Bellman hangars. Up to six Bellman hangars may have been erected at Breddan by the end of World War II.</p><br>
<p>AWC minutes for 18 February 1943 include an approval to proceed with the fabrication of four "American Type Hangars" 95 by 45 feet (28.9 by 13.7 metres) galvanised iron covered steel workshop buildings which had been reconstructed in Melbourne. These buildings were also erected by the advance personnel of No.13 ARD. Throughout this period units of No.12 RSU, RAAF, continued operating from Breddan.</p><br>
<p>During 1943 the AWC were asked to organise an intensive program of building construction at Breddan which received a substantial allocation of funds to cover the works. The following works were ordered during the first half of the year: a hospital sick bay near the No.2 Camp, with a treatment room and medical officers hut; a barracks store and officers mess for No.1 TMU; motor transport engine repair and body chassis workshops; aircraft dismantling hangars; gun firing platform and test butts.</p><br>
<p>Work on No.1 Camp to hold 350 personnel was completed during May by which period work was also nearing completion on No.2 Camp to hold 400 men. The building construction work was undertaken by Civil Construction Corps labour. During June orders were lodged by the Department of Air for construction of a post office, canteen, ethylene glycol reclamation hut, WAAAF camp, dental clinic, squadron air depot, cool room and duty pilot&#39;s tower. Orders were also placed for the sealing of taxiways and supply of an air conditioning unit for the instrument repair workshop. By October 1943 provision of hutted camp accommodation for WAAAF personnel had been accorded priority for construction.</p><br>
<p>To avoid dependency on power supply from Charters Towers a reinforced concrete sub-station building was commenced about June to hold a 25 KVA diesel electric generating plant. The power station was scheduled for completion in September.</p><br>
<p>Workshops and barracks were sufficiently established by August 1943 to allow the main contingent of No.13 ARD to make the move from Tocumwal (NSW) to Breddan. In December 1943 No.12 RSU departed from Breddan for Kiriwina in New Guinea. No.6 Central Recovery Depot, RAAF, was established at Breddan in June 1944.</p><br>
<p>RAAF units based at Breddan airfield during World War II were No.12 RSU, No. 10 RSU, No.6 ARD, No.13 ARD, No.1 TMU and No.6 CRD. At its largest in late 1943 a total of 1200 personnel were accommodated on the base. The RAAF continued to operate from Breddan after World War II and the last unit, No.13 ARD, departed in November 1947. The base was closed by 1948. All workshop and camp facilities were later removed and the property turned over to pastoral use.</p><br>
<h2>Units based at Breddan Aerodrome</h2><br>
<p>38th Bombardment Group (Headquarters) (7 August-30 September 1942)</p><br>
<p>71st Bombardment Squadron, B-25 Mitchell (12 August-1 October 1942)</p><br>
<p>405th Bombardment Squadron, B-25 Mitchell (7 August-30 September 1942)</p><br>
<p>No. 1 Torpedo Maintenance Unit RAAF</p><br>
<p>No. 6 Central Receiving Depot RAAF</p><br>
<p>No. 10 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF</p><br>
<p>No. 12 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF</p><br>
<p>No. 13 Aircraft Repair Depot RAAF</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield is located about 13 km north of Charters Towers on the Gregory Developmental Road. The place contains a number of component areas associated with its wartime operation.</p><br>
<h3>Runways and Duty Pilot's Tower Base</h3><br>
<p>The bitumen sealed east-west Runway 60 degrees extends east of the Gregory Developmental Road for about two kilometres in length. The unfinished north-south Runway 20 degrees, remains evident as a regrowth area and former wartime taxiway running parallel with the road. Other taxiways extend north and west from Runway 60 to workshop sites of the Airframe Repair Section, General Engineering Section and Engine Repair Section. The duty pilot&#39;s tower is located at the western end of Runway 60. The site comprises a concrete slab, possibly an office floor, with four concrete tower footings at each corner, each containing two steel members to which the base of the tower was attached with bolts.</p><br>
<h3>Airframe Repair Section</h3><br>
<p>The Airframe Repair Section, located to the west of the Gregory Developmental Road, contains the concrete floors of at least seven workshops and hangars including the base of a cantilever hangar. An earth butt for gun testing is located near the cantilever hangar. Other workshop surfaces were designed for Bellman hangars. Several concrete tie down blocks for aircraft remain.</p><br>
<h3>General Engineering Section</h3><br>
<p>The General Engineering Section, located between the east-west Runway 60 and the unfinished north-south runway, contains concrete floors of at least seven workshops and hangars. Three Bellman hangar floors are evident, including an instrument repair shop and a lathe workshop. An electroplating workshop can be identified by two concrete channels running the length of the floor surface. The GES also included an armature winding shop.</p><br>
<h3>Engine Repair Section</h3><br>
<p>The Engine Repair Section, located north of the GES, contains concrete floor surfaces for six workshops including a number of Bellman hangars. From south to north the six ERS workshop slabs are identified as: Receipt and Despatch Shop, Engine Inspection and Dismantling Shop, Stripping and Cleaning Shop, Blacksmith Shop with Retort Furnace, Final Assembly Shop, and Propeller Maintenance Shop. Two other ERS workshop floor surfaces, including an engine running shed with steel tie down bolts, are located on the west side of the Gregory Developmental Road.</p><br>
<h3>Motor Transport Section</h3><br>
<p>The site of the Motor Transport Repair and Engine Overhaul Section is located south of Runway 60, at the entrance to the airfield. At least three MT workshops are shown on a wartime plan of the base. The site of No.2 Camp is located nearby.</p><br>
<h3>Torpedo Maintenance Unit</h3><br>
<p>The Torpedo Maintenance Unit stores are located apart from the engineering workshops in the south east sector of the airfield complex. The TMU stores consist of ten reinforced concrete igloos of two types. Seven torpedo maintenance stores are spaced apart over about a kilometre forming a rough oval. These reinforced concrete buildings, 16 metres in length by 6.8 metres in width, are designed with two entrances at one end and a semi-circular formwork concrete roof reaching about 4 metres in height. The roofs contain ventilation holes and steel bolts for securing camouflage nets. Three reinforced concrete torpedo warhead stores are spaced apart in gullies further to the south east of the maintenance igloos. The warhead stores are designed with a single entrance at the centre of the buildings with a reinforced concrete portico above. The stores are about 7 metres in length, 6.50 metres in width and 3.5 metres in height. All are equipped with ventilation holes in the roofs, bolts for securing camouflage nets and contain evidence of wartime ochre and green camouflage paint.</p><br>
<h3>Torpedo Maintenance Unit Camp</h3><br>
<p>The Torpedo Maintenance Unit camp, located at the north east end of Runway 60, contains a small reinforced concrete igloo building which served as a generator shed. The camp area also includes the concrete floor and oven base of a mess and kitchen, and a small stone structure thought to have been a water heater or incinerator.</p><br>
<h3>Power House and Hospital</h3><br>
<p>A power house and hospital sick bay are located south of Runway 60 near the southern boundary of the airfield. The power house is constructed with 5.5 metre high reinforced concrete walls. The internal concrete floor surface contains footings and channels for a diesel engine, alternator and cabling to a distribution board. A reinforced concrete switching room is attached at one end of the building which totals 16.2 metres in length and 6 metres in width. A reinforced concrete inground cooling tank is situated at the north west end of the building. The hospital foundations comprise concrete floor surfaces and concrete footings that may have supported a timber floor surface.</p><br>
<h3>Reinforced Concrete Building and No.1 Camp</h3><br>
<p>North of Runway 60 at its eastern end is a reinforced concrete building of seven rooms covered with a flat concrete roof. The building is 10.90 metres in length by 8 metres in width and includes a toilet. An eroded earth traverse wall once protected the entrance doorway. The purpose of the building is uncertain. It may have been constructed as a signals station or a medical aid post, and may have later been used for secure storage.</p><br>
<p>The site of No.1 Camp covers an area of the airfield extending north from the east end of Runway 60. Archaeological evidence of an open air picture theatre includes concrete lined post holes for a projection box and a scatter of metal slide holders. Several large concrete floor surfaces of former stores buildings are located north of the runway, nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield is significant as a major World War II maintenance, repair and salvage base, being developed as one of the largest RAAF aircraft and motor transport engineering repair facilities in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield demonstrates rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage with the only known structural evidence of a World War II Torpedo Maintenance Depot, containing 12 reinforced concrete igloo stores for the storage of torpedoes and torpedo war heads.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield has potential to yield archaeological information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history with particular regard to the layout of camp and workshop surface elements that remain comparatively undisturbed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Breddan Airfield is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a major World War II maintenance, repair and salvage base in north Queensland, containing structural and archaeological evidence including workshop and hangar concrete floors, wartime sealed runway and taxiways, camp installations, reinforced concrete buildings, and torpedo maintenance facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of particular types of World War II structures, including a power house, propeller maintenance workshop, electro plating workshop, cantilever hangars, torpedo maintenance and torpedo war head stores.</p><br>
<p>Calvary Banská Štiavnica  is a late-Baroque calvary, architectural and landscape unit in Slovakia, unique in extent and content, formed in the years 1744–1751.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Calvary Banská Štiavnica is the most important Baroque calvary in Slovakia and in the whole former Kingdom of Hungary – probably even in the whole of Europe. This calvary is a complex of 3 churches and 22 chapels with precious painting decorations, furnished by wooden and blacksmith movables and wooden painted reliefs. All buildings of churches and chapels are set into the western side of a solid lava column in the middle of an ancient volcano – a hill named Scharffenberg (Ostrý vrch). The work was initiated by Jesuits in the 18th century as a part of their large programme implemented across the country.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Around 1740, medieval city Schemnitz, Kingdom of Hungary (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) intended to form a standard Calvary with fourteen stations in the eastern part of the city – under a hill named Ostrý vrch (Scharffenberg – this hill along with the surrounding land belonged to the family of Fritz von Friedenlieb, of Protestant religion). However, only two chapels still remain standing. The Jesuit Father Francis Perger proposed to the City Hall a project of magnificent Calvary comprising three churches and 22 chapels, probably based on the architectural design of major historian, cartographer and architect Samuel Mikoviny.</p><br>
<p>The owners of the land in the year 1744 released the top of the hill with its western slope to the city in order to allow implementation of the Calvary complex as proposed by the Father Perger.</p><br>
<p>After considering, the magistrate finally on 13 March 1744 agreed to, and provided the initial funding by the sum of 300 Goldens. Municipality Banská Štiavnica presented on 22 May 1744 a demand to ecclesiastical authority for approval to build Calvary according to this project under the auspices of the city of Banská Štiavnica. Archbishop of Esztergom (resident in Trnava) Imrich Esterházy (1725–1745) adopted the request and his approval reached the municipality on 13 August 1744. Immediately prepariation work was begun – treatments of the ground and import of materials on the site. The cornerstone was solemnly blessed by the presence of large numbers of believers and the priesthood on the Feast of Exaltation of the holy Cross – on 14 September in 1744. The first building was the "Upper Church".</p><br>
<p>All works have been directed by the creator of the idea – the Jesuit Father Francis Perger S.J. Local masons, carpenters, stonemasons, woodcarvers worked there as well as painters and other professionals. The wooden reliefs from Calvary chapels and wood carvings from the Upper church are attributed to the workshop of Dionysius Stanetti (1710–1767), a major baroque sculptor, established in the city of Kremnica. The upper church has been painted by Austrian gothic painter Mr. Anton Schmidt, born and graduated in Vienna, settled in the city of Banská Štiavnica.</p><br>
<p>Before completion of works, they started pilgrimages to the Calvary hill Banská Štiavnica. On 14 September 1745, the Upper Church has been solemnly blessed and the first holy Mass took place there, visited by pilgrims who came out of the city in a procession with flags. Also in 1746, on the Feast of the Finding and Exaltation of the holy Cross, processions came to Calvary. That year, they finished the Holy Sepulchre – chapel and the lower church of the calvary. Even after these years, in spite of continuing works of construction and equipment of churches and chapels, pilgrims came on 14 September, not only from Štiavnica, but also from the environment.</p><br>
<p>On the Feast of the Holy Trinity in 1751, they visited the calvary prominent guests, among them the Emperor Francis of Lorraine.</p><br>
<p>The whole Calvary complex of Banská Štiavnica was built and churches and chapels equipped in less than seven years. The ceremonial blessing took place on 13 September 1751.</p><br>
<p>The festive mass was preached in the Germanic and Slovak languages, the Germanic sermon given by the popular father Francis Perger.</p><br>
<p>Total costs of Calvary Banská Štiavnica reached 25 899 Golds (not counting the labor of generous believers who worked on this work willingly for free).</p><br>
<p>Records mention several physical healings for Štiavnica Calvary.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstructions</h2><br>
<p>In 1894, some chapels have been repaired and restored by the architect Mr. William J. Groszmann and carver Mr. Krause from Banská Štiavnica.</p><br>
<p>Serious damages to Calvary complex were caused during WW II. in 1945 when the Red army pushed fascist troops out from the city. Efforts to reconstruct Calvary began after 1953, when chaplain Emil Scheimer, a native of Banska Hodruša, later canon of Topoľčianky, started to mobilise the reconstruction works in person. The largest maintenance, renewal and partial restoration work was done between 1976–1983, under the parish administrator Father Karol Beňovič, SVD. The three lowest chapels were moved higher into the slope of Calvary and they began with restoration works.</p><br>
<p>The current state of Calvary Banská Štiavnica is marked by the passing of time, but it also became the victim of vandalism and theft of the art decor and furnishings. After the last destructive attack of vandals in the spring of 2004, the original elements of the decoration of Calvary (wood reliefs and sculptures) have been gradually moved into safety. Calvary chapels and churches were deprived of original furniture by moving of the original reliefs and sculptures, but it is essential for their conservation. In early 2007, conservationists managed to enter this complex into the list of 100 most endangered monuments of the world.</p><br>
<p>Restoration, preservation and revitalization of Calvary Banská Štiavnica is provided from the beginning of 2008 by the civic association „Kalvársky Fund“, that after more than a half century built on the good experience of structure with the same name, operating since the establishment of Calvary Banská Štiavnica until its suspension by the communist regime after World war II.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Cañacao Bay is a small bay located within the larger Manila Bay in Luzon island in the Philippines.</p><br>
<p>It is located along the northeastern end of the Cavite Peninsula and Cavite City, in the Province of Cavite.</p><br>
<p>The bay is a good anchorage and it is bordered to the north by the Danilo Atienza Air Base of the Philippine Air Force and by the Naval Base Cavite of the Philippine Navy to the south. Both military bases previously were comprised by the Naval Station Sangley Point of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Cavite City Hall is on the south side of the bay, with a pier for public ferry service to Metro Manila.</p><br>
<p>The shore of the bay near the former Cavite Royal Arsenal was where the province&#39;s patron saint, an icon known as Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga, was found during the Spanish colonial period following an alleged Marian apparition.</p><br>
<p>Judson Studios is a fine arts studio specializing in stained glass located in the Highland Park section  of northeast Los Angeles. The stained glass studio was founded in the Mott Alley section of downtown Los Angeles in the mid-1890s by English-born artist William Lees Judson and his three sons. It moved to its current location in 1920 and remains in operation as a family-run business. The Judson Studios building was named a Historic-Cultural Landmark by the City of Los Angeles in 1969 and listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Founder William Lees Judson</h2><br>
<p>William Lees Judson was born in 1842 in Manchester, England, and moved to the United States with his parents when he was ten years old. After serving four years with the Illinois volunteers during the American Civil War, Judson studied art in New York and Paris. He settled in London, Ontario, where he became a successful portrait painter and art teacher. The beauty of the area stirred Judson to switch from portrait painting to landscapes, and his work attracted such favorable attention that in 1896 he was offered a professorship in drawing and painting at the University of Southern California. In the late 1890s, he founded the Los Angeles College of Fine Arts at his home in Garvanza (the present location of Judson Studios). He died at his home in the studio building in October 1928.</p><br>
<h2>Formation of Judson Studios</h2><br>
<p>After settling in Los Angeles, William Lees Judson saw the need for a local stained glass studio. In 1895, he persuaded three of his sons, Walter H., Lionel and Paul, to come to Los Angeles to join him in starting a stained glass studio. The family initially opened its stained glass business under the name Colonial Art Glass Co., in Mott Alley, located near the Old Plaza and Union Station in an area that was later demolished for the construction of the Hollywood Freeway.</p><br>
<p>In the studios’ early years, its stained glass output was “balanced between religious and secular, between recreating the Gothic effect and working for Frank Lloyd Wright in glass and tile on the Ennis and Barnsdall Houses." In addition to stained glass, the Judsons also worked in tile and mosaic. The Judson operation became so highly regarded that it was able to recruit such major artists as A.E. Brain and Frederick Wilson away from America’s premiere maker of stained glass, Louis Comfort Tiffany.</p><br>
<h2>College of Fine Arts</h2><br>
<p>Judson started as a professor at McLeods Los Angeles School of Art and Design. According to a radio broadcast transcript Judsons own art college became USC’s College of Fine Arts and Judson moved the college to the building near his home in the Arroyo area in 1901. Other sources claim the school was in the Highland Park location from 1897-1920. He became Dean of the USC College of Fine Arts in 1913, and remained so until his retirement in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Original building</h2><br>
<p>The original three-story Islamic-style building on the Garvanza site was used as the campus for the USC College of Fine Arts starting in 1901. In December 1910, the building was destroyed by a fire that destroyed Judson’s art works. Judson escaped from the burning building through a window and met his classes that day under the pepper trees on the property.</p><br>
<h2>New facility built in 1911</h2><br>
<p>After fire destroyed the original building, a "rambling, two-story building" designed by Robert Train and Robert Edmund Williams was built on the site in 1911. In its early years, the building was also the headquarters for a group called the Arroyo Craftsmen who made furniture and art objects for fine homes built in the area until World War I, including work fabricated for noted Arts and Crafts architects, Greene and Greene. Frequent visitors to the building included Frank Lloyd Wright, Ernest A. Batchelder and Henry and Charles Greene.</p><br>
<h2>Operations of the studios</h2><br>
<p>When Walter H. Judson died in 1934, Horace T. Judson (grandson of William Lees) took over the day-to-day management of the business. Trained as a lawyer, Horace Judson retired from the active practice of law to continue the family’s stained glass tradition. The studios were described in 1940 as “a medieval guild secluded from a hectic modern world by the vine-covered building.” At the time, Horace Judson told the Highland Park News-Herald: “Here there is no rush. We work slowly and for perfection as they did six centuries ago.”</p><br>
<p>As Southern California&#39;s population grew rapidly after World War II, there was a tremendous demand for church construction. This in turn led to a boom in business for Judson Studios. At the peak in the 1950s, Judson employed 30 craftsmen. Walter W. Judson later recalled, “It got so it almost became counterproductive. It was difficult to keep track of what was going on.” As a result, Horace Judson established a rule that the studio would never again employ more than 15 craftsmen at once. Walter Judson, who took over the business from Horace (his father) in the 1970s, continued that rule, noting, “If you go over 15, you’ll make more money. But you can lose your reputation too.”</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Walter Judson noted that they preferred to train their own craftsmen and that it was difficult to find people fully interested in the craft: "They just want to play with it and then go off." Walter Judson noted, "We do use a lot more electricity and glass costs a lot more but that’s about all that’s changed." At the time, Judson was using glass from all over the world in more than 600 colors.</p><br>
<p>When the Los Angeles Times did a profile on the studios in 1986, there were nine artisans employed in the business, "employing techniques that have not changed much since the craft began to flourish in the 12th Century."</p><br>
<p>Though principally known for stained glass, Judson Studios also creates works in marble carving, mosaic, carved and etched glass, furniture and other specialty items.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, Judson Studios remained a family-owned and operated business, with fifth generation David Judson, the great-great-grandson of William Lee Judson serving as the director of the business. In 2000, David Judson reported that 85% of the company’s work was for religious institutions "of all different creeds, from Jewish to Christian to Islamic."</p><br>
<h2>Demolition threat and historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Judson Studios was operated from 1920 to 1969 as a non-conforming use within a residential neighborhood. As a zoning variance neared its termination in 1969, the Judson family feared that the city would require demolition of the studios. In order to preserve the studios, the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board, with support from the Judson family, declared the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (No. 62) in August 1969. The declaration of historic status stated:“Judson Studios have been responsible for the creation of outstanding stained glass windows for countless churches, chapels and other structures throughout the United States and foreign countries. Judson Studios, one of the largest in the nation and probably the largest on the west coast, have remained in the family since the beginning, contributing greatly to the artistic and cultural development of Los Angeles.” The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Examples of Judson stained glass</h2><br>
<p>Over its first century of operation, Judson Studios produced more than 10,000 stained-glass works. Stained glass made at Judson Studios can be found in locations throughout Southern California and the United States. Examples can be seen at:</p><br>
<p>Hollyhock House at Barnsdall Art Park and Ennis House—Judson Studios provided leaded and stained glass and tiles for Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s work on the Hollyhock and Ennis Houses.</p><br>
<p>The rotunda skylight at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles</p><br>
<p>The "Congressional Prayer Room", also known as the "Chapel of All Creeds", at the USA Capitol</p><br>
<p>The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel in Colorado Springs, Colorado</p><br>
<p>Chapel One at Edwards Air Force Base in California</p><br>
<p>The Alumni Memorial Window, done in heraldic style, at the Memorial Branch Library on Olympic Boulevard in Los Angeles, commemorating the alumni of Los Angeles High School who died in World War I</p><br>
<p>The massive interior dome (107 by 35 feet) at the Tropicana Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, built at a cost of $200,000</p><br>
<p>The 30 ft Jewel Court Dome at South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa, California</p><br>
<p>The Caesars Palace Palace Court dome in Las Vegas</p><br>
<p>Sun City Ginza in Tokyo</p><br>
<p>Mary, Queen of the Universe Shrine in Orlando, Florida, for which Judson produced 94 stained-glass windows</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles</p><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church in South Pasadena</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church in Pasadena</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church in Los Angeles</p><br>
<p>Calvary Presbyterian Church in South Pasadena; (See image to the right) Viewable outside at night</p><br>
<p>”The Life of Christ” window series at St. Barnabas Church in Eagle Rock</p><br>
<p>The Stanford Court Hotel in Nob Hill section of San Francisco</p><br>
<p>A heraldic design featuring white lions and tigers for Las Vegas illusionists Siegfried & Roy</p><br>
<p>Toluca Lake United Methodist Church in North Hollywood, where Judson began making stained glass windows in 1958 and was still installing windows in 1992</p><br>
<p>The 36 ft high Great Window at Glendale Presbyterian Church in Glendale, California (completed in 1974), with a Pentecost theme, dominated by a large figure of Christ, populated by people of different ethnic backgrounds rooted in the trunk of a tree of life</p><br>
<p>The tree of life window in the Lopaty Chapel at Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California, made from 20,000 pieces of glass, with 613 leaves on the tree</p><br>
<p>The Arbor of Light Radiance Corridor at the Mountain View Mausoleum in Altadena, California</p><br>
<p>The Diamond Head Mortuary in Honolulu, Hawaii</p><br>
<p>The Goldman Estate in Honolulu</p><br>
<p>Honolulu International Country Club</p><br>
<p>All Saints Episcopal Church, San Diego, stained glass work completed between 1957 and 1967</p><br>
<h2>Public Activities</h2><br>
<p>The Judson Gallery hosts changing art exhibits that are open to the public. The Studios also offers 1 hour tours of the workshops and galleries for $5 per person on Wednesdays by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Osgood House is a historic house on Maine State Route 136 in Durham, Maine. Built in 1785, early in the town&#39;s settlement history, it is a well-preserved example of Federal period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Osgood House is located in southern Durham, on the west side of Royalsborough Road (Maine State Route 136). It is a large, three story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It is oriented facing roughly south. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a central entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom and gabled pediment. Windows on the first two floors are 12-over-12 sash, while the third-floor windows are eight-pane fixed sash. On the east (street-facing) side, there is a secondary entrance near the northern corner; that elevation is otherwise two bays wide. A single-story ell extends to the rear (north) of the main block. The interior retains high quality Federal period workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The area that became Durham was owned in the 1760s by the Pejepscot Proprietors, among them Jonathan Bagley, who served in the American Revolutionary War. Nathaniel Osgood, who served in Bagleys regiment, is believed to have purchased the land where this house stands in 1779. Osgood built this house in 1785; it is one of Maines best examples of the Federal period four-square hip-roofed central chimney plan.</p><br>
<p>The Union Church, also once Durham Town Hall, is a historic civic and religious building at 744 Royalsborough Road in Durham, Maine. Built in 1835 as a multi-denominational church, it is a distinctive local example of late Federal architecture with Greek and Gothic Revival features. From 1922 until 1986, it served as town hall, and now houses the local historical society. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Union Church building is located in the dispersed rural village of Durham, on the north side of Royalsborough Road (Maine State Route 136), about 0.2 mi west of its junction with Maine State Route 9. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. A gabled vestibule projects from the front, with a hip-roofed porch sheltering the main entrance, which is now at the center of that section. A two-stage tower rises, straddling the main roof and that of the vestibule, with an open belfry (housing a Revere bell) and an octagonal cupola above. The vestibule is three bays wide, with sash windows flanking the entrance, and the main block has former entrance locations (now boarded-over pointed-arch openings) on either side of the vestibule section. The interior, despite alterations, retains some of its original Greek Revival trim.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1835 by a Baptist congregation, which allowed other groups to use it for religious services. This group declined in size during the 19th century, and its services ended in 1887. Other groups continued to use it into the early 20th century, but it was abandoned at the time it was deeded to the town in 1922. The town adapted it for use as its town hall, reconfiguring its entrances, and used it for that purpose until 1986. It continues to own the building, which is now occupied by the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>The Nelson Family Farm is a historic farm property on Shackley Hill Road in Livermore, Maine. It is locally distinctive for the farmhouse, built about 1830 out of rough-split granite after a fire destroyed the Nelson&#39;s first homestead. The farm listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nelson Farm is located in the far western part of the mostly rural community of Livermore, on the west side of Shackley Hill Road, north of its junction with Maine State Route 108. The property now consists of 58 acre, significantly reduced from more than 100 acre at its height, with stone walls lining some of its borders and field divisions. The property consists of rolling terrain, now mostly wooded, with a portion planted as an apple orchard. The farm complex includes the main house and a detached barn, both 19th-century structures. The house&#39;s main block is 1-1/2 stories in height, and is built out of locally sourced granite that has been roughly split, quarry-faced, and laid in irregular courses. Several rough stringcourses project from the wall, and the front facade has a projecting vestibule of stone, the doorway set in an arched opening. The south-facing roof has a wood-frame shed-roof dormer, and a wood-frame ell extends to the rear (west) of the main block. A wood frame barn, built about 1877, stands south of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Nelson Farm was established in 1816 by Deacon Alexander Nelson on land that his father had purchased the previous year. According to family tradition, Nelsons wife and infant daughter died in a house fire in 1819. He supposedly began construction of the stone house soon afterward, but its Greek Revival styling suggests he may not have begun it until after his marriage to his third wife in 1830. The property remained in the hands of Nelsons descendants until the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Norlands  is a historic building on Norlands Road in Livermore, Maine, United States. It was owned by Israel Washburn and his descendants.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival-style house was built in 1821 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The house is now operated as part of the Washburn-Norlands Living History Center, a 19th-century period farm with living-history demonstrations. The buildings include the Norlands mansion, a mid-19th-century period schoolhouse, a library with displays about the Washburn family, a meeting house, a farmers cottage, and a barn with farm animals. The barn and farmers cottage burned down in April 2008 but the Farmer&#39;s Cottage was rebuilt and reopened in early 2011. As of July 29, 2012, the barn has yet to be rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Washburn-Norlands Living History Center is a non-profit organization, dedicated to the preservation of 18th- and 19th-century rural Maine heritage. The Washburn-Norlands Foundation was formed in 1973, at the bequest of Washburn family descendants. The Foundation converted the property into a living history museum with the intent of preserving the estate and the remarkable stories of its past. Today the organization is run by a Board of Trustees, which together ensures the protection of the estate, its collections and their future.</p><br>
<p>The Washburn-Norlands estate is occupied by four historic buildings, the 1867 Mansion, 1883 Library, 1828 Meeting House and 1853 School House. Each building has been restored and operates as a museum. The Norlands is home to a number of collections; including Washburn family papers, photographs, artwork, historic clothing, books, furniture, and more.</p><br>
<p>The Washburn family is one of Maine’s, and the nation’s, most political and industrious families. The history of the Washburns at Norlands can be traced back more than 200 years to when Israel Washburn, Sr. purchased the original homestead built by Cyrus Hamlin (father of Hannibal Hamlin) in 1809 and raised ten children with his wife, Martha Benjamin. They lived a life of poverty as they worked the farm. The four oldest sons worked for neighboring farms to help pay their father’s debts. With humble beginnings, the seven Washburn sons rose to gain prominence with state, national and international politics, business and industry, diplomacy, and military affairs.</p><br>
<p>Three of the brothers served in USA Congress at the same time representing three different states, two became Foreign Ministers, one served as Civil War Governor of Maine, one was a USA Senator, one was a Civil War General, one owned a bank, one ran a newspaper, one founded the Soo Railroad, and one served as a captain in the Navy during the Civil War. Two of the brothers formed flour mills: one became Gold Medal Flour and the other merged with Pillsbury Flour. No other American family has produced in a single generation a level of political and business leadership equivalent to that of the Washburns from Livermore, Maine.</p><br>
<p>Lisbon Falls High School is an historic former school building at 4 Campus Avenue in Lisbon Falls, Maine. Built in 1904–05 to a design by William R. Miller, it is a significant local example of Romanesque Revival architecture. It served as the high school for Lisbon Falls students until 1952, and then as an elementary school. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Lisbon Falls High School building stands on the north side of Campus Avenue, between Berry Avenue and Addison Street in the village of Lisbon Falls. It is a story masonry structure, built out of red brick with granite trim. It is roughly rectangular in shape, with a hip roof, projecting front gable section, and a three-story tower projecting from the front right corner. The third level of the tower is open, and is topped by a turret roof with bracketed cornice. The central gable section has the main entrance in an elaborate round-arch opening (accessed via a flaring flight of granite steps), with a band of narrow round-arch windows above, and a band of rectangular sash in the gable.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1904–05 to a design by Lewiston architect William R. Miller, who by then had a well-established reputation for highly decorated school buildings. The school served the local community as a high school until 1952, when it was converted into an elementary school. From 1985 to 2006 it house the school district offices.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Stephen King, author</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The school appears in the Stephen King novel 11/22/63 as the school at which the main character, Jake Epping, is a teacher.</p><br>
<p>Cushman Tavern is an historic tavern  at Maine State Route 9 and Webster Corner Road in Sabattus and Lisbon, Maine. Built c. 1825, this Federal period house is most significant for the folk artwork drawn on the walls of its halls and stairwell by Orison Wood, an itinerant muralist and protégé of Rufus Porter, a well-known exponent of the form. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cushman Tavern is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame house standing at the southwest corner of Webster Corner Road and Middle Road (Maine State Route 9) on a 0.5 acre parcel that straddles the town lines of Lisbon and Sabattus. The main block of the house has a side-gable roof and twin interior chimneys. It is attached by a series of ells (one two stories, the next one) to a barn. The main facade faces west, and has a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an entablature that is interrupted by a half-round transom.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1825 by a Mr. Dwindal, and was purchased two years later by Samuel Cushman. Cushman and his descendants operated a tavern on the premises for many years; it has long since been converted into a single-family residence. The houses principal feature of significance lies in a series of murals that adorn the hallways of the first and second floor of the main block, and the stairwell that connects them. They were executed by Orison Wood, an itinerant fresco artist known to be active in the area in the second half of the 1820s. Cushman family lore recounts that the painter arrived in 1826, offering his services. Wood was trained by his father in the art of fresco, but took is ideas about content and form from the writings of Rufus Porter, whose artwork still graces walls across northern New England. These works may have been executed under Porters supervision.</p><br>
<p>The Farwell Mill is an historic former mill complex at 244 Lisbon Street  in Lisbon, Maine. Built in 1872, it is a fine example of a cotton mill built at the height of the Industrial Revolution. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is now residential housing.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farwell Mill is located in central Lisbon, at the junction of Village and Lisbon Streets and on the western bank of the Sabattus River. It is a large and sprawling L-shaped brick three-story structure. The building is minimally decorated, with corbelling at the cornice below the gable roof, and a four-story tower at the southwestern end whose top level has paired round-arch Italianate windows and a shallow-pitch hip roof with a broad eave. The complex was originally larger, with four-story additions to the south and west, but these have been demolished. Just north of the main building is a small single-story gas works building, one of the few of its type surviving in the state.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built in 1872 by Nathaniel Farwell, a businessman with textile-related interests all over New England. This was the only full-scale textile operation he owned. It was built using the water privilege of one of Maines earliest woolen mills, established in 1808, and expanded using a second water privilege just downstream that originally had a grist mill. Farwells mill was reported to have a capacity of 12,000 spindles, and was an economic mainstay of the otherwise rural region for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Shiloh Temple, now Shiloh Chapel, is a historic religious facility at 38 Beulah Lane in Durham, Maine. Built in 1897, the surviving building is a small portion of a once-extensive religious enclave established by the evangelical Christian cult leader Frank Sandford, exhibiting a unique expression of religious and summer retreat architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Shiloh Temple stands on a property overlooking the southern bank of the Androscoggin River, a few miles south of Lisbon Falls, off the north side of Shiloh Road. The surviving portion of the temple is a four-story structure, its ground floor a raised basement of brick, and the rest a frame structure with a mansarded roof. A seven-stage tower projects from the street-facing front, square in shape except for the crowning open circular belfry and cupola.</p><br>
<p>Frank Sandford was an ordained Baptist minister, who in 1893 left his ministry in Topsham, Maine on a quest to evangelize the world. He attracted a large number of followers, and construction of the Temple began in 1897. The temples once-extensive property grew to include a large quadrangular complex, of which the present building is the only surviving element. At its height, the complex had 500 rooms and space for more than 1,000 residents. Life at the complex was strictly regulated by Sandford, who claimed to be a new Elijah, and many of his followers sold off their possessions to join his "Holy Ghost and Us" society. In the early 1900s Sandford took a number of his followers on a round-the-world proselytizing mission aboard the yacht Coronet, and was arrested on manslaughter charges in 1911 following a misguided and undersupplied voyage to Greenland, in which six crew died of scurvy and related illnesses. Sandfords kingdom was ended by legal action in 1920 following the death of a Shiloh resident, and most of its buildings were demolished in the 1950s. Low level occupation continued, and the present Shiloh Chapel is a successor to Sandford&#39;s legacy.</p><br>
<p>A minister of the Holy Ghost and Us Society, George W. Higgins, was a victim of New England&#39;s last tarring and feathering incident in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Penney House is a historic house at 78 Maple Street in Mechanic Falls, Maine. The house was completed in 1902 to design by William R. Miller and is considered the finest example of his residential work. It was, originally, one of three identical houses that stood side-by-side until the early 1920s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Penney House is located on the west side of the Mechanic Falls village, at the southern corner of Maple and Summer Streets. It is a high-style 2-1/2 story Georgian Revival structure, with a dormered hip roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of brick and granite. Its principal feature is a full-height elaborate portico projecting from the front, with two-story Corinthian columns and pilasters supporting a fully pedimented and modillioned gable with a floral design at its center. This portico shelters a Palladian window at the second level, and partially covers a single-story porch that extends over the main entrance, with clustered Corinthian columns for support. Ground floor windows are topped by entablatures decorated with swags, and topped by projecting cornices. The interior continues the high quality workmanship, with decorative plasterwork and woodwork, and a stained glass window at the landing of the main staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Lewiston architect William R. Miller, and was is first residential commission. It is an extraordinarily rich Colonial Revival building for a relatively modest formerly industrial village setting in the state, but also typical of Millers flamboyant style. It is one of three nearly identical houses designed by Miller for the Penney brothers, owners of a local factory that built steam engines and boilers. The house of Almont Penney was destroyed by fire, and that of Charles Penney was moved and partly dismembered in the 1940s. The present house, when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, still used original knob-and-tube wiring installed when the house was built, and portions of its original steam heating plant (presumably manufactured by the Penneys plant) were also still in use.</p><br>
<p>Skokie Lagoons is a nature preserve in Glencoe and Winnetka, Illinois, owned and managed by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. The park is bordered by Dundee Road to the north, Forestway Drive to the east, Willow Road to the south, and the Edens Expressway to the west. Within the park, there are seven inter-connected lagoons totaling 190 acre. Water flows southward from the Chicago Botanic Garden through the lagoons to the Skokie River. The overall water level in the lagoons is controlled by the main control dam at Willow Road. Three low dams keep the water levels below the inner islands. Recreational opportunities at Skokie Lagoons include biking, fishing, boating and birding.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Skokie Lagoons was previously a marsh, known by the Potawatomi name Chewbab Skokie ("Big Wet Prairie") or Skokie Marsh. The marsh was partially drained by local farmers, leaving a peat bog. During spring floods it became a lake that inundated adjacent property and roads. Between 1933 and 1940, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) executed a plan to bring the waters under control. Several thousand workers moved four million yards of earth to recontour the land, creating the artificial lagoons of today. According to the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, "The massive effort was the largest CCC project in the nation."</p><br>
<p>From 1955 to 1974, a Nike anti-aircraft site was located within Skokie Lagoons, north of Tower Road.</p><br>
<p>High waters erode the shoreline, filling the lagoons with sediment and damaging the fish habitat. From 1995 to 1999, the Chicago Audubon Society began a program of shoreline restoration. Thousands of plants were added to the shoreline to help limit erosion. Once it was realized that most of the plants in the southern, downstream lagoons were lost during high water, restoration efforts were concentrated on the upstream lagoons. Efforts were made to clear invasive species such as garlic mustard and buckthorn, and replace them with native plants and grasses like goldenrod, tall coreopsis, compass plant, cup plant, aster, coneflower, switchgrass, rattlesnake masters, woodland brome and cinquefoil.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the FPDCC began a restoration program, which included the use of aquatic herbicides to improve shore fishing, dredging to remove sediment, poisoning and restocking the fish and building a boat launch south of Tower Road. The 2008 Illinois EPA assessment of the water in Skokie Lagoons listed "Fish Consumption" and "Aesthetic Quality" as "Not Supporting" due to mercury, total suspended solids, phosphorus, aquatic plants and algae.</p><br>
<h2>Biking</h2><br>
<p>A 1.6 mi asphalt bike path runs to the west of the lagoons between Willow Road and Tower Road, and a 4.2 mi loop encircles the lagoons between Tower Road and Dundee Road. This extends the 20 mi North Branch Bicycle Trail to the Chicago Botanic Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fish present are bass, walleye, northern pike, channel catfish, bluegill, crappie, and bullheads.</p><br>
<h2>Boating</h2><br>
<p>The shallow waters (depth ~10 feet) are suitable for kayaking, canoeing and rowboating.</p><br>
<h2>Birding</h2><br>
<p>210 species have been seen in Skokie Lagoons</p><br>
<p>The George Seaverns House is a historic house at 8 High Street in Mechanic Falls, Maine. Built in 1853, it is distinctive and prominent local example of Gothic Revival architecture, with association to individuals important in the local paper industry. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George Seaverns House is located in the village of Mechanic Falls, on a rise on the west side of High Street, a residential side street overlooking the village center. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation. The house occupies a sloping site which would have overlooked Elm Street, a major thoroughfare, when it was built. The house is stylistically Gothic Revival in character, with decorative vergeboard, window hoods, and ogee brackets. The house&#39;s interior has an unusual asymmetrical plan, diverging from the conventional central hall plans that typified area houses of the period. Its main (western) elevation features a series of porches supported by chamfered posts with decorative brackets.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1853 by George W. Seaverns, whose only known description is as a "paper worker" in the locally prominent paper industry. A second owner, later in the 19th century, was Charles E. Stevens, president of the Mechanic Falls Manufacturing Company.</p><br>
<p>All Souls Chapel is a historic chapel at the Poland Spring Resort in Poland, Maine. It was built in 1912. In 1977, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was built in 1912 for use by the staff and guests of the Poland Spring Resort. It is now owned by the Poland Spring Preservation Society which also owns the Maine State Building (from the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago).</p><br>
<p>The chapel houses a series of hand-painted windows and an Ernest M. Skinner Opus 564 pipe organ. The chapel is currently used as a venue for weddings, baptisms and other services as well as plays and concerts.</p><br>
<h2>Chapel history</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, Julius Gassauer first started religious services for the employees of the dining room of the Poland Spring House. They were first held out of doors in the open air, but as it became necessary to find some shelter for these meetings in case of rain, the idea of a chapel was proposed. A fund was started by the contributions of the employees.</p><br>
<p>When meetings were transferred to the dining hall, some of the guests of the Houses began to attend. They were glad to add to the Chapel Fund, which grew to about twenty-five hundred dollars, before the effort was stopped for a season. About this time some of the ladies of Poland Spring organized the first “Children’s Fair,” for the purpose of encouraging the children of the guests help make this possible. The proceeds were at first given to a “Fresh Air Fund” for the benefit of the poor children of the cities. Later $5,000 was donated for what was known as the “Poland Spring Free Bed” at the Central Maine General Hospital in Lewiston.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Miss Sadie Ricker had organized a Sunday School for the children of the surrounding country, and it was thought; “Why not aid this Sunday School?” Accordingly, this was done from the proceeds of the Children’s Fairs, and after the school had been well established and well equipped, a small fund remained, the interest from which, with outside contributions, was used for several years for Christmas parties and summer outings.</p><br>
<p>Having worked on this worthy project in a substantial way, the ladies next agreed to work for a fund large enough to secure a chapel. They said; “Let us realize the dream of the earnest man who began the movement for a chapel here at Poland Spring, and the desire of the owners of this estate, who have expressed their readiness to contribute one-half the final cost of the edifice.” Inspired by this purpose, the ladies and families and guests at Poland Spring succeeded in raising approximately $15,000.</p><br>
<p>In September 1909, little Garrett A. Hobart III (the grandson of the first vice-president under McKinley), then only two years old, performed the important ceremony of breaking ground for the new chapel. For the next three years a large number of interested friends never ceased their efforts in behalf of the little church building.</p><br>
<p>This chapel was erected on the very top of the hill at the Poland Spring estate, overlooking the panorama of magnificent natural scenery. No expense was spared to make it of a quality commensurate with its environments and function.</p><br>
<p>Maine granite from the best quarries was procured for the walls and arches; quarter-sawn oak of the finest quality was used for the ceilings, doors, and other interior woodwork; brass for sills, reading desk, railings; and a floor of inlaid mosaic of beautiful and expensive design was made. The work of construction was performed by Italians brought here from Boston, and was done slowly and with great care, that no detail should lack in permanence or artistic value.</p><br>
<p>The large memorial window in the alcove at the front of the church is of stained glass illustrating the inscription which runs through it, “I am the Resurrection and the Life.” Through the bottom of the window are the words, “Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.” The center section of the window contains the figure of Jesus and is resplendently beautiful in its coloring. This window was the gift of two lady visitors at Poland Spring, and was a very expensive contribution to the edifice. The church was dedicated on September 1, 1912.</p><br>
<p>The following year the bells were installed in the tower. Known as the “Westminster Peals” or “Cambridge Quarters” they were a unit of four, keyed in G, C, D, and E, according to their weight of 1,500, 500, 400, and 300 pounds. They were composed of Lake Superior copper and imported tin, in the correct proportion to form the best ringing alloy. On the largest of the bells is the following inscription: “Presented to All Souls Chapel, Poland Spring, Maine, by Mrs. Calvin Allen Richards and Miss Annie Louise Richards of Boston, Mass. June 1, 1913.”</p><br>
<p>Church services were held during the summer months (May through October) until 40 years ago. There were two Catholic services and one Protestant service each Sunday. The Catholic service was a mission of the Catholic Church at Yarmouth. The ministers serving here came from various towns, or may have been guests or visiting travelers. Services have been held in the winter months upon special occasion, as the building was kept heated all year, for protection to the interior furnishings and equipment.</p><br>
<p>This chapel has been the scene of countless weddings, as there is a great sentimental attachment here for thousands of persons who may have worked or vacationed at this resort.</p><br>
<p>The prayer at the official opening ceremony of this chapel in 1912 ended as follows: “We pray that this beautiful chapel may be a perpetual reminder of the reality of the spiritual life to many who are struggling upward toward the height where Thou dost dwell.”</p><br>
<p>The West Durham Methodist Church is an historic Methodist church at 17 Runaround Pond Road in West Durham, Maine. Built in the early 19th century and significantly restyled in 1867, it is a fine example of Greek Revival architecture with added Italianate features. The congregation for which it was built grew out of a Methodist revival meeting held at the site in 1804, and was one of the first Methodist congregations in the state. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It is presently unused.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Durham Methodist Church is located in a rural area of central-western Durham, on the north side of Runaround Pond Road, a short way west of its junction with Hallowell Road (Maine State Route 9). It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front gable roof, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. A small square section projects from the north (rear) of the building, providing a small apse in the interior. The south-facing front facade is symmetrically arrange, exhibiting predominantly Greek Revival features. It has corner pilasters rising to a broad entablature, with a fully pedimented gable that has a triangular bracketed panel at its center. A pair of entrances flank a three-part window, where each section has a rounded top. The entrances are each flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature and cornice. The entrances each lead to small separate vestibules, which are separate from each other by a recess in the main chamber that houses the choir. The main chamber is simply arranged, with bench pews on either side of a central aisle, and the pulpit set in the apsoidal recess.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction date is somewhat murky. The building site was the location of an early Methodist revival meeting, held in 1802, and was by local tradition built in 1804, the date appearing in a panel on the front of the building. However, the congregation was not formally organized until 1810, and the property was not transferred to church trustees until 1818 (although it may have been in use by the church since before then). The building has architectural evidence that its interior at one time had a three-sided gallery and a different orientation of its pews, suggesting an early 19th-century construction date. The exteriors Greek Revival and Italianate features in all likelihood date from a major 1867 renovation (even though the Greek Revival was generally out of fashion by then), at which time interior alterations may also have been made. The church&#39;s parish originally stretched from Litchfield to Freeport.</p><br>
<p>The Turner Town House is an historic town hall on Maine State Route 117 in Turner, Maine. Built in 1831, it is one of the oldest buildings of its type in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Turner Town House is located in the village of Turner Center, on the north side of SR 117 just west of the First Universalist Church. It is set back from the road, on the south bank of the Nezinscot River. It is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and fieldstone foundation. The main facade faces south, and is five bays wide. The bays are arranged symmetrical but with irregular spacing, with three sash windows flanking two virtually identical entrances. Each window has a single large shutter mounted to its left. The exterior is otherwise devoid of significant stylisting elements. The interior consists of a single large chamber, whose floor is sloped in a V shape from the front and back toward the center, where the town officials sat during town meetings. This feature is believed to be unique among Maine&#39;s town houses.</p><br>
<p>The town of Turner was incorporated in 1787, and its earliest town meetings were held in a local church. From 1822 to 1830 meetings were held in a local school, at which time the town engaged in a series of acrimonious meetings concerning the location of a dedicated town house. The disputed was centered over issues of the town&#39;s growth, which had begun in the eastern part of the town, but had in recent years developed more rapidly to the west. The town house was built in 1830 at a site nearer the geographic center, but was surreptitiously disassembled and relocated three times by competing groups within the town, before being fixed in place at this location.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Spring Bottling Plant and Spring House is an historic water pumping and treatment facility in Poland, Maine. Built in 1907, these two buildings are the original spring house and water spa of the Poland Spring Resort, whose waters are stilled bottled under the Poland Spring brand name. The resort was the largest and most successful of Maine&#39;s inland summer resorts. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984; the spring house now houses the Poland Spring Museum and Environmental Education Center. Open seasonally, it exhibits feature the history of the company and its bottling operation, including scientific displays and vintage memorabilia.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Poland Spring Bottling Plant and Spring House stand at the end of Preservation Way, behind the modern Poland Spring Inn and Resort, on the east side of Maine Street (Maine State Route 26) in South Poland. The former bottling plant is a rectangular building, with a hip roof that has overhanging bracketed eaves. It is dominated by a tall square tower at its southwest corner with an open top level whose openings are flanked by Tuscan columns. The tower is topped by a tiled shallow-slope pyramidal roof. Its base is of rusticated stone, with arched openings leading to the building entrance. The building windows are set in round-arch openings, and the corners have brick quoining. The building is shaped as a cross, with a copper dome at the center, and there is a secondary entrance sheltered by a copper hood. The bottling house is a smaller structure located just south of the spring house, its entrance featuring Tuscan columns and pilasters supporting an entablature.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Spring resort achieved renown for its waters in the mid-19th century, and in 1876 the great Poland Spring House (destroyed by fire a century later) was built to cater to resort visitors taking its waters. Run by generations of the Ricker family, Edward P. Ricker in 1903 conceived of the idea of bottling the spring waters. He worked with Harry Wilkerson, a Poland native working as an architect in Washington, DC to draft the plans for these two buildings, which were completed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>St. Cyril and St. Methodius Church is an historic former church building at 51 Main Street in Lisbon Falls, Maine. The church was designed in 1923 by Lewiston architects Gibbs & Pulsifer, and is an imposing example of neo-Gothic architecture for a relatively small community. It is also the only known church in Maine with association to the Slovak immigrant community. It was dedicated in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is presently home to the Maine Art Glass Studio.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former St. Cyril and St. Methodius Church is located in the village of Lisbon Falls, at the southeast corner of Main Street (Maine State Route 126) and High Street. It is a large rectangular brick building. with a gabled roof. The front facade is flanked by squat square towers with buttress-style projecting pilasters at the corners. The center of the facade has a large Gothic arch, in which there are two entrances, each also set in arches, with a circle-in-cross design above. Atop the large arch is a wagon-wheel rose window, and the gable above is crested by a cross.</p><br>
<p>The Slovak community in Lisbon Falls was former in the 1890s, when a group migrated there from New Jersey in search of work at the Worumbo Mill, and formed a tightly knit social group. Alienated from other well-established cultural groups, they formed their own Catholic organization, and raised funds to build this church, which was completed in 1923. It was formally accepted into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland in 1936. The building now houses a studio of glass artists.</p><br>
<p>The Worumbo Mill was a historic mill on the bank of the Androscoggin River in Lisbon Falls, Maine. Founded in 1864, it was at one point the community&#39;s largest employer. Its main building, dating to its founding, was destroyed by fire in 1987. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and was delisted in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the Worumbo Mill stand on the northern bank of the Androscoggin River, just south of the center of the village of Lisbon Falls. Originally a sprawling utilitarian 19th century building adorned with additions and decorative towers, only two 1920 concrete buildings, one of one story and the other of three, stand today. Both are set close to Canal Street, adjacent to the dam (now used for hydroelectric generation) that provided power to the mill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Worumbo Mill began as the brainchild of two residents of Lisbon Falls, Edward Plummer and H.A. Tibbetts. Later, Oliver Moses, a businessman from Bath was brought in as they sought to build a factory producing fine woolens. Ground was broken in 1864 and production began in 1865, with Mr. Moses as president of the company. Operating losses were substantial that first year at $100,000. This amount is roughly equivalent to $2 million today. During the 1920s an expansion was added to the mill and is the white building that stands today. The 1940s saw equipment upgrades. Due to pressure from overseas clothing manufacturers, the mill announced that it would be closing in 1964 and all 600 employees would lose their jobs. An attempt to restart production later failed.</p><br>
<p>A fire started in the original portion of the mill on July 23, 1987, completely destroying the old portion of the complex, but the 1920s expansion was spared from the flames. All told, 283 firefighters responded to the blaze. Although the fire was controlled in five hours, using 15,000 gallons of water per minute to do so (a total of 17.8 million gallons was used the first day) crews stayed for another 13 to extinguish the flames, and returned each day for over a week to be sure no flare-ups occurred. The Maine Forest Service responded with a helicopter to drop water, and crews from many surrounding towns assisted in the battle. It was one of Maine&#39;s largest industrial fires.</p><br>
<p>The mill was also featured in the Stephen King novel 11/22/63. The mill was demolished in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Elms  is a historic building at the junction of Lewiston and Elm Streets in Mechanic Falls, Maine. Built as a hotel in 1859 and used for a variety of purposes since then, the substantial building is a fine late expression of Greek Revival architecture, and a reminder of the town&#39;s heyday as an industrial center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Elms is a large rectangular wood frame structure, situated on 0.5 acre of land at the junction of Lewiston and Elm Streets (Maine State Route 11 along both roads, and Maine State Route 121 on Lewiston Street) in Mechanic Falls, Maine, a short way east from the Little Androscoggin River. It is 2-1/2 stories high, with a gable roof. The main facade, facing Elm Street to the southwest, is five bays wide, with a temple-front appearance. The porch is a full two stories in height, with four fluted square posts topped by capitals, and a fully pedimented gable above. The porch balustrade, composed of urn-like balusters, extends fully across the second floor, and is open between the center columns on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The main facade is five bays wide, with long sash windows on both main levels, and a centered entry which is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a transom window and entablature. In the gable tympanum there are two sash windows with a single half-round window centered near the apex of the gable. The side elevations are six bays long, and roof has four equally spaced gable dormers on each side. A single-story porch lines the rear elevation. The building&#39;s interior has retained some of its original period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The Elms was built in 1859 by the A. C. Denison Company, and operated as the Eagle Hotel, with a reported capacity of forty rooms. A. C. Denison took over the property as his private residence in 1870. By 1887 it had again been opened as a hotel, this time as the "Hotel Elms". The building has had a long association with the paper mill (which stands just to the north). The building currently houses an antiques and crafts shop.</p><br>
<p>Keystone Mineral Springs is an historic mineral water bottling facility on Keystone Spring Road in Poland, Maine. Located along the former right-of-way of Keystone Spring Road in eastern Poland, the facility consists of two structures, a spring house built c. 1885 and a bottling house built in 1929. The facilities are, along with the more well-known Poland Spring Bottling Plant and Spring House, the only known surviving elements of the early period of mineral water bottling in Maine. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Keystone spring house and bottling house are accessed via Keystone Spring Road, a grass and dirt track that parallels Empire Road, running north-south for most of its length, with a short paved section at the southern end where the road joins Empire Road. The spring house is located a short way north of the southern bend, and the bottling house is about 300 ft further north.</p><br>
<p>The spring house is a single story clapboarded structure with a gable roof, measuring 20 ft by 40 ft. It is located on the west side of the roadway, oriented east-to-west, although its main facade faces north, along a track leading to the farmstead of the Pratt family who first developed the spring. The main facade has three bays, the central one containing a large sliding door, while the bay to the east has a window and that to the west has a smaller doorway that is now blocked up. The eastern facade also has a large sliding door. The interior has been neglected to the point where elements are collapsing. The spring rises in a granite basin set in a concrete floor, and is captured in a pipe which extends to the bottling house.</p><br>
<p>The bottling house is also a single story wood frame structure, built in 1929 after the previous building on the site was destroyed by fire. It is architecturally unremarkable, with similar proportions to the spring house. Its interior is largely unfinished, with exposed ceiling rafters and wall joists. The southern part of the building is taken up by a 900 usgal tank, lined in granite, with an overflow catchbasin and troughs at which the filling operation took place. At the north end of the building is a room in which the filled bottles were capped, labelled and packaged for shipping. Much of the original early 20th-century equipment used in these processes remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Keystone Mineral Spring was operated as a business from 1885 until the mid-1990s, primarily serving central Maine. Seriah M. Pratt, the farmer who owned the land, realized that the quality of the water from his spring was comparable to that of Poland Spring, and began bottling and selling it in 1884. In 1885 he brought in his nephew, Edward Pratt, who acquired full control of the business in 1896. The business was a success, delivering bottled water in Maine as far away as Portland; some was also shipped as far as New Jersey, where the younger Pratt&#39;s business partner moved. It was operated in the 20th century by a succession of lessees until about 1995, although processing was at times sporadic because the spring ran dry. Plans were laid by new owners in 2004 to rehabilitate the facility and resume operations.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Railroad Station is an historic former train station at the corner of Poland Corner and Plains Roads in Poland, Maine. Built in 1901 by the Maine Central Railroad, it is one of the state&#39;s best-preserved turn-of-the-century small railroad stations. Now converted to private residential use in a historically sensitive manner, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Poland Railroad Station is located along a former railroad right-of-way northeast of the village center of Poland, at the southern corner of Poland Corner and Plains Roads. It is a single story wood frame structure, with broad overhanging hip roof and two interior chimneys. It is clad primarily in horizontal clapboards, with a band of vertical boards. The roof eaves are supported by relatively simple large knee brackets. The interior of the building has retained its original partitions, and the ticket office with window grill is still in place, despite the building&#39;s conversion to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1901, on a side line built from the Grand Trunk Railway by the Maine Central Railroad to provide service to Poland village and the Poland Spring Resort a bit further to the south. The rail line formerly ran along what is now the driveway for the residence, and extended from Lewiston to Mechanic Falls. This station is both a well-kept example of Maine&#39;s railroad stations of the period, and is one of the best examples of their residential conversion.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Spring Beach House is an historic building on Maine State Route 26 in South Poland, Maine. It was built in 1909 as part of the extensive Poland Spring Resort, and was originally floated on Middle Pond on pontoons. It was set permanently on land in the 1930s, and converted into a private residence in the 1980s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Poland Spring Beach House stands on the south side of Maine Street (SR 26), on a narrow isthmus separating Middle Range Pond (to the south) and Lower Range Pond (to the north). It is a shingled two story wood frame structure, with a hip-roofed central section flanked by single-story wings, each also covered by a hip roof. The central section is topped by a cupola, and has wide porches extending across its width on both sides. The porch features scroll-sawn decorative elements, including balusters and brackets on the cornice. The porch on the lake side has been enclosed. On the inside, the wings, which originally housed changing areas, have had partitions removed to create living spaces as part of the building&#39;s conversion to residential use. Despite this and other alterations, the building interior retains a significant number of period Colonial Revival and Late Victorian features.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Spring resort complex was developed on the east side of Middle Range Pond in the second half of the 19th century, capitalizing on claims of restorative cures provided by waters from a spring, still in use today by the Poland Spring bottling operation. Its principal feature, the Poland Spring House, declined in the 20th century and burned in 1975. This beach house was built in 1909, and was originally floated on Middle Range Pond on pontoons during the busy summer tourist season. In the 1930s, it was permanently sited at its present location at the northern end of the lake. It remained in use as a beach house until the 1970s, when it was converted to private residential use. It is one of a small number of surviving early 20th-century inland resort beach houses in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Webster Rubber Company Plant, formerly the Webster Woolen Mill No. 1-1/2, is an historic industrial site on Greene Street in Sabattus, Maine. Built in 1869 as a textile mill, it was a fixture of the town&#39;s economy well into the 20th century, and is good local example of industrial Italianate architecture. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. In 2015, the property was vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Webster Rubber Company plant is located on the west side of the village center of the town, between the western bank of the Sabattus River and Greene Street, the main road leading northwest from the village toward Greene. The complex includes several connected buildings, dominated by a large three-story brick building with a four-story tower projecting from its center. The building has vernacular Italianate style, with a flat-roof tower, and windows set in segmented-arch openings. The broad gabled roof has a corbelled brick cornice. Additions, principally brick in construction, have been added to this. The complex also includes three smaller wood frame structures.</p><br>
<p>The town of Sabbatus was settled in 1774 and incorporated as Webster in 1788. Its main village, called Sebattis, grew as an industrial village at the mouth of Sabattus Lake. In the 1970s the town was reincorporated as Sabattus. The present mill was built in 1869, and was the town&#39;s second textile mill, known as "Webster Mill No. 1-1/2". In 1922 this complex was acquired by the Pine Tree State Rubber Heal Company, and converted to the production of rubber components of shoes. The mill remained in production until the early 1990s, and has stood vacant since then. In 2011, the town acquired the property through a tax lien.</p><br>
<p>The Bagley-Bliss House  is an historic house at 1290 Royalsborough Road in Durham, Maine, United States. With a construction date traditionally given as 1770, this Greek Revival house is claimed to be the oldest in Durham, built by one of its early settlers, who also operated an inn on the premises. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 22, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is set on the east side of a rural stretch of Royalsborough Road (Maine State Route 136), just south of its junction with Quaker Meeting House Road and Rabbit Road. The main block, which faces south, is a large 2-1/2 story wood-framed structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard and shingle siding, and a granite foundation. A single-story ell extends to the rear of the main block, parallel to the road. The main facade is almost symmetrically arranged, with a center entrance that has sidelights and modest Greek Revival trim, but the window above the entrance is slightly off-center. The windows on this side are topped by gabled lintels. The interior features relatively restrained Greek Revival styling, the most elaborate of which is found on the central staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house is traditionally given a construction date of 1770, making the Durhams oldest house. However, the Greek Revival styling suggests either a later construction date or a major renovation in the 19th century before 1850. It is possible that the attached ell is at least in part the original 1770 structure, and there is some evidence in the main block of material reuse from that period. The main basement has the foundation of a large central chimney, an 18th-century feature not found in the present house. The property was settled in 1770 by O. Israel Bagley, when the area was known as Royalsborough. He was a prominent figure, operating a grist mill, shoe factory, and the communitys first store, as well as operating an inn from his house. The property was acquired in 1836 by Charles Bliss, who established a dairy farm, and was probably responsible for the Greek Revival alterations to the house. The house remained in the Bliss family into the 1970s. It was carefully restored in 1982, and now serves as a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>Lady Franklin Bay is an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. The bay is located in Nares Strait and is an inlet into the northeastern shore of Ellesmere Island.</p><br>
<p>Fort Conger (81&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;N latitude, 64&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;W longitude), formerly an Arctic exploration camp, is located on its northern shore, but is now uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lady Franklin Bay is in a generally northeast to southwest direction, and as such it spreads inland about 70 mi from Hall Basin. The main bay contains one noted branch to the northwest known as Discovery Bay,and the interior lengths of Lady Franklin Bay extending southwest are sometimes shown on maps as Archer Fjord.</p><br>
<p>The landscape surrounding Lady Franklin Bay is generally barren rocks, with some very shallow glacial till held in place with frost and permafrost. At this location, about 1,100 mi above the Arctic Circle, sunlight is limited to perhaps three months of a year, snowfall is light, and water in the bay is icebound from year to year, with just chance openings allowing only difficult navigation. The off-and-on icebound conditions are well-known to exist in the sea during peak summer times as far as 200 mi south of the Bay entrance. However, the glaciers and icecaps of Ellesmere Island have not been known to inundate Lady Franklin Bay.</p><br>
<p>The main reach of this bay can be approached by ship if ice floe conditions allow, via Baffin Bay, to Smith Sound, to Kane Basin, through Kennedy Channel, and thus through Hall Basin to the entrance of the Bay. The historically favored point for beginning such Polar trips has been St. Johns, Newfoundland.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate is typical Arctic Margin, with very light precipitation, short cold summers, and long cold winters in darkness.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The summer natural food game observed at this Bay is limited to various mammals in the sea water, occasional muskox, and scattered sea birds seen overhead.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Plants are limited to short season mosses and lichens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lady Franklin Bay is named for a Victorian woman, Lady Jane Griffen Franklin, wife of famous British explorer Sir John Franklin who vanished from Baffin Bay beyond Lancaster Sound on HMS Erebus in 1845 while attempting to trace the Northwest Passage. Sir John was lost within the Elizabeth Islands south of Ellesmere Island. Lady Franklin subsequently became internationally well known by financing several different rescue expeditions to search for Sir John.</p><br>
<p>Lady Franklin Bay reached press headlines in the United States in the period 1880–1884 after the US Army Signal Corps chose and specified that site for a base camp of men to make an attempt to reach the North Pole for the very first time. This effort was also to fulfill the US contribution to the 1881–1882 First International Polar Year. A party of 25 military men led by First Lieutenant Adolphus W. Greely as Acting Signal Officer was successfully landed by the USS Proteus at Lady Franklin Bay in August 1881. A large frame structure was built on the northwest shore, and this home base camp was named Fort Conger. This overall effort was known as the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Avenue Soldier&#39;s Monument is located at the junction of that street and Lafayette Avenue  in the village of Suffern, New York, United States. It sits on a small piece of land in the middle of the street known locally as the Triangle.</p><br>
<p>At different times during the Revolutionary War, George Washington and Rochambeau encamped the Continental Army near the memorial site for brief periods. A cannon from that war had been placed on the Triangle in 1908 with the intent of starting a memorial to the village&#39;s dead from the Civil War, but only after World War I was the monument finished and dedicated. Plaques have been added since then to honor those locally who served and sometimes gave their lives in World War II, Korea and Vietnam.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial</h2><br>
<p>The two most prominent features of the memorial are a small cannon and a zinc statue of a</p><br>
<p>doughboy. Both sit on a slightly elevated granite base.</p><br>
<p>Next to the stone bed of the cannon is a plaque stating that it was used in the Battle of Long Island in 1777. The doughboy is depicted in a heroic, defiant pose, with his shirt open and his helmet off, on the adjacent ground. Originally he was carrying a Springfield rifle with bayonet in his left hand; it has been replaced following the theft of the original. He stands atop a white pedestal, with plaques listing Suffern&#39;s dead from the different wars memorialized on each facet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The heirs of village founder John Suffern bought the cannon in 1851 and ritually fired it from the top of nearby Union Hill on Independence Day of every year, as well as for special events like the completion of the Erie Railroad across New York State in 1852. They donated the cannon to the village in 1908 to use as the latter saw fit, and the Village Board decided to place it on the Triangle. A local stonemason was paid $65 to build the granite platform, and the village granted a "perpetual privilege" to a local Union Army veterans&#39; group to establish a memorial.</p><br>
<p>At the time, however, the village&#39;s mayor was not popular, and one of the complaints against him was the establishment of the memorial, which his critics likened to a fort. Efforts to delay or outright cancel the memorial failed but delayed the completion and formal dedication of the project. Only after the United States had fought another war did interest in completing the memorial resurface, and in April 1921 the board authorized construction. The J.W. Fiske Iron Works of New York City cast a version of a statue it had erected elsewhere, in zinc (seen as a cheaper alternative to bronze). The focus on an ordinary soldier was part of a growing trend in war memorials of that era to shift emphasis from a commander or hero to the common man and woman on the line.</p><br>
<p>It was dedicated on Memorial Day of that year. The village has held its ceremonies for that holiday at the monument ever since. The only change to the memorial besides the additional plaques for wars later in the 20th century was the theft of the original rifle in 1968, possibly as an act of protest against the war in Vietnam. In 2006 the monument and Triangle were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Temple is a historic octagon-shaped Baptist church building on Temple Avenue in the Ocean Park area of Old Orchard Beach, Maine. Built in 1881, it is the centerpiece of the summer camp meeting established in 1880 by Free Will Baptists led by Bates College President Oren Cheney. It is the only known octagonal religious structure currently in use in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and included in the Ocean Park Historic Buildings district in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Temple is set on the north side of Temple Avenue, in an area known as Temple Square. Flanking it are two other buildings associated with the camp meeting: Porter Hall and B.C. Jordan Memorial Hall. It is a two story wood frame structure, capped by an octagonal hip roof whose elements meet at a central cupola. It is finished in wooden clapboards and rests on a foundation of brick piers. The main facade, facing south, is three bays wide, with a central projecting entry section topped by a doubled gable roof. This section has a double door on the first level and a double sash window above, while the flanking bays have single sash windows. The east and west-facing walls have similar organization, but only a single gable roof. The north wall has a low storage area projecting from it. The interior of the building is a large open hall, with the speaker&#39;s platform on the north wall, and seating, much of it original, arrayed facing it.</p><br>
<p>The idea of an oceanfront camp meeting community arose at a meeting of Free Will Baptists in Weirs Beach, New Hampshire in 1880. Land was acquired in northern Saco (which Old Orchard Beach was then still part of), and summer cottages were soon built. This building was constructed in 1881 by James Bickford to a design by Dow & Wheeler, inspired in part by the popularization of octagon houses by Orson Squire Fowler in the 1840s and 1850s. The Temple continues to be a central focus of the summer community in Ocean Park.</p><br>
<p>Sutil Channel is a channel, or strait, in British Columbia, Canada, located at the north end of the Strait of Georgia, between Quadra Island and Read Island to the west, and Cortes Island to the east. It connects to several channels to the north, including Calm Channel and Hoskyn Channel. Sutil Channel is one of the larger waterways of the Discovery Islands.</p><br>
<p>The southern boundary of Sutil Channel, where it joins the Strait of Georgia, is defined as a line between Francisco Point, at the southeast end of Quadra Island, to Sutil Point, the southern end of Cortes Island. Sometimes Cape Mudge instead of Francisco Point is mentioned as the southern end of Quadra Island. The boundary between Sutil Channel and Hoskyn Channel is a line between Rebecca Spit on Quadra Island and Read Point on Read Island. Wide in the south, Sutil Channel narrows in the north, and merges with Calm Channel at the northernmost point of Cortes Island in the vicinity of the Rendezvous Islands. Settlements on the shore of Sutil Channel include Whaletown on Cortes Island.</p><br>
<p>Desolation Sound, which strictly defined does not directly connect to Sutil Channel, is sometimes used loosely as all the waters north of Cape Mudge and Sarah Point, including Sutil Channel and Discovery Passage.</p><br>
<p>Sutil Channel was named around 1864 by Captain George Henry Richards in honor of the ship Sutil used by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano in exploring the region in 1792. A group of small islands in Sutil Channel called the Subtle Islands are named for Galiano&#39;s ship as well, translated to English.</p><br>
<p>Gola Dhoro is an archaeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilization, situated at the head of the Gulf of Kutch, near Bagasara in Kutch district of Gujarat, India. The site contains a small fortified area of approximately 50x50 m with living quarters and manufacturing sites both inside and outside this area.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The site is believed to date from 2500-2000 BC. There has been excavation in this place from 1996 onward was undertaken by The Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda and a unique Harappan seal, which is hollow inside and first of its kind, was found here. The excavation of this site has revealed evidence of manufacture and trade and highlighted importance of such smaller Harappan sites, in the economic development of Indus Valley Civilization.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts found</h2><br>
<p>Craft items of shell, semi-precious stone, stone beads, faience and copper,unique unicorn seal with hollow place looking some sort of container inside, other harappan seals (total six), copper knives with bone handles, copper artifacts, etc.</p><br>
<h3>Copper objects</h3><br>
<p>Being a small size settlement, the number of copper objects found at Gola Dhoro is very high. A copper vessel containing eight bangles, an axe probably used for recycling precious metal, copper knives with bone handles are found. A unique copper battle-axe (parashu) is also an interesting find from this area and the small size of the battle-axe suggests it as presumably used for ritualistic purpose. The unique copper knives were found in association with large amount of fish bones, suggesting that the knives were used for drying of fish. However, no evidence of copper smelting has been found, but heavily tampered clay crucibles with copper adhering in them have been found, suggesting that they might have been used for copper smelting.</p><br>
<h2>Harappan seals</h2><br>
<p>Considering its relatively small size of less than 2 hectares, Archaeologists did not expect much from Gola Dhoro, but they were surprised to find five inscribed steatite seal with unicorn depicted on it. These type of seals are fairly common in urban centers of Indus Valley civilization, which would have been used in trade related activities. In addition to engraved inscription and unicorn picture, one of the seals has a deep scooped out rectangular socket like cavity, the purpose of which is not clear. Such seal with socket is unique find and not reported in any other Harappan site.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>Although this settlement was small in area, with 1.92 hectares, it had a wall measuring 5.20m in width built in three successive stages and there was flourishing craft and trading activities. Gola Dhoro specialised in production of shell bangles and semi precious stone beads as well as objects of copper and faience. Bead manufacturing was undertaken mainly outside the walled area of the town and objects of faience were manufactured only within the walled area. This unwalled town with a walled citadel, seems to have been a centre for trade and industry.</p><br>
<p>Large blackware storage jars suggest the settlement engaged in overseas trade, since such vessels were used for transporting goods to Magan (present day Oman).</p><br>
<p>Holliday Lake State Park is a state park located within the confines of Appomattox-Buckingham State Forest in Virginia. The land was cleared as farmland in the 1880s before being returned to its forested state in the mid-20th century. Today, the park is known for its fishing opportunities.</p><br>
<p>The park was one of four recreational areas developed by the Virginia Division of Forestry (now the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation) working in conjunction with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the Depression. The central water feature at Holliday Lake is the 150-acre man-made lake. Contributing resources include Picnic Shelter #1, Wellhouse (c. 1939), the Dam/Spillway/Bridge/Lake, Drainage Culvert, Retaining Wall, and the Park Circulation System. Adjacent to the park is the separately listed Holiday Lake 4-H Educational Center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Nymboida River, a perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Nymboida River rises in the northern foothills of the Barren Mountain, on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, within Bellinger River National Park, west of Dorrigo. Annual high rainfall on the Dorrigo Plateau produces strong river flows during most seasons. The river flows in a meandering course generally northeast, joined by nine tributaries including the Little Murray, Bielsdown, Blicks, Little Nymboida, and Boyd rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Mann River, below Mount Gundahl, within the Nymboida National Park. The river descends 1,250 m over its 165 km course.</p><br>
<p>Flowing through Nymboi-Binderay National Park from Platypus Flat to The Junction confluence with the Little Nymboida River, there is a 27 km section of rapid and pool sequences, making this a popular kayaking and white water rafting venue. Located 13 km from the source is Rob Roys Falls, a 90 m cascade while further down river lies The Silent Pool, a geological mystery where the river goes underground via a fault line and returns under a large pool.</p><br>
<p>The river is also a stronghold for the endangered Eastern Freshwater cod where it is quite common in several reaches.</p><br>
<p>Until 2012 waters released from the hydro-electric power station on the Nymboida River created one of Australia’s most difficult canoe courses and as such was the site of many kayaking and canoeing competitions. Several companies offer organised rafting trips on the river.</p><br>
<p>The Abyssinian Meeting House is a historic church building at 73–75 Newbury Street, in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine.</p><br>
<p>Built 1828-1831 by free African-Americans, it is Maine&#39;s oldest African-American church building, and the third oldest in the nation. Throughout the years, the Abyssinian was a place for worship and revivals, abolition and temperance meetings, speakers and concerts, the Female Benevolent Society, the Portland Union Anti-Slavery Society and negro conventions, and the black school in Portland from the mid-1840s through the mid-1850s. The building is the only Underground Railroad site in Maine recognized by the National Park Service. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>A House of Worship (1828–1917)</h2><br>
<p>The Abyssinian was the cultural center for African-Americans in southern Maine. It was formed to meet the demand from African-Americans in Portland to have a place to worship. Christopher Christian Manuel, his brother-in-law Reuben Ruby, Caleb Jonson, Clement Thomson, Job L. Wentworth, and John Siggs published a letter on September 19, 1826, in the Eastern Argus newspaper which condemned the Second Congregational Church in Portland for treating non-white members as second-class citizens. At the time, church pews were segregated and African-Americans were designated balcony seating or discouraged from attending services at all. Manuel, Ruby and three others petitioned the state of Maine for incorporation of the Abyssinian Religious Society in 1828. The building became the Abyssinian Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>Reuben Ruby (1798–1878) played a central role in the beginning of the Abyssinian. He transferred the original land to the Society in March 1831 and performed work on the interior of the building. Throughout the Northeast, he enjoyed a reputation as an unwavering spokesman against slavery and was a major participant in forming the Maine Anti-Slavery Society in 1834. He was self-employed as a hackman and, through his business, transported escaped slaves. Ruby also hosted William Lloyd Garrison in his home. In 1836, Ruby brought a suit against the Society for non-payment on the mortgage he held and improvements he had made to the building. Ruby was a defendant in an 1837 case brought against him by Samuel W. Chase, minister the Abyssinian.</p><br>
<p>The Abyssinian housed an active congregation for 86 years, from 1831 to 1917. In 1842, some black parishioners from the Fourth Congregational Church in Portland merged with the Abyssinian Religious Society to form the Abyssinian Congregational Church and Society. It also was known as the Sumner Street Church and then the Newbury Street Church, as the name of the street changed.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Amos Noé Freeman (1810–93) was the first full-time minister at the Abyssinian. His tenure was from 1841 to 1851 and was focused on employment, temperance, and abolishing slavery. As a known Underground Railroad agent, he used the building to host and organize anti-slavery speakers, Negro conventions and testimonies from runaway slaves. By 1845, he took on the role of principal of a segregated school for black children where it saw great improvements, including the addition of music education.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the location of the school for black children moved from the North School to the vestry of the Abyssinian. In 1851, there were 75 scholars numbered in the school with an average attendance of 55 students. The school was discharged in 1856 and African-American students have attended integrated schools ever since.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few buildings to survive the 1866 Great Fire of Portland, Maine. Local folklore includes stories about parishioners fighting to protect the building.</p><br>
<h2>Mandated dissolution</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s congregation declined in size over the course of the 19th century, due in part to the growing number of churches in the city, and a gradual dispersal of the African-American population. In 1898, when the SS Portland was shipwrecked, it took with it seventeen male congregants, including two trustees. This was a severe blow to the congregation, which was thereafter reduced to minimal activity.</p><br>
<p>An act of the Maine Legislature, passed February 24, 1917, dissolved and sold the Abyssinian on July 28, 1917. Most of the parishioners became members of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, now known as the Green Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church located on Sheridan Street in Portland. The proceeds of the sale of the building and furnishings went to the Congregational Conferences and Missionary Society of Maine. As stated in the act, any income gained after repayment of loans was to be entered into an Abyssinian Fund. Accurate expense records were to be kept in the event of "erection, repair or alteration of any church building for colored people in the City of Portland, or for the support of any church, or religious work among the people of that race in said city." Direction of the fund is at the discretion of the Missionary Society.</p><br>
<p>After the sale, the Abyssinian was used as a stable and an antique store, then developed into tenement apartments in 1924. It was seized for unpaid taxes by the City of Portland in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status and restoration</h2><br>
<p>After sitting vacant for six years, the Abyssinian was bought for historic preservation by the in 1998. It is the third oldest African-American meeting house in the United States after Boston and Nantucket, Massachusetts. The Committee purchased the building from the City of Portland for $250, the original price for which the Society purchased the land from Ruben Ruby in 1828.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, the year the restoration began, and on the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In April 2008, an archeological dig was conducted to obtain further information on the Meeting House. While removing construction added during the 1920s, original wooden beams were uncovered. Included in the find are joists which are believed to have been part of the choir loft. During restoration efforts, a clay pipe broke in the basement and a steady stream began to run. In 2011, a project was undertaken to contain the free flowing water and a wooden water pipe was discovered on the site. It is speculated that it provided water to the Grand Trunk Railroad in the 1850s. The pipe was reburied to preserve it.</p><br>
<p>In September 2012, Greater Portland Landmarks named the Abyssianian as one of seven historic sites in peril due to lack of restoration funding.</p><br>
<p>The Sutter-Meyer House is the oldest known residence in University City, Missouri, United States. It was built in 1873 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 1986, it was designated a Landmark of University City by the Historic Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by William and Julia Sutter, probably in 1873, on an 8.33 acre tract of land inherited from William’s father, John Sutter. The original John Sutter farm was bounded by the present city streets of Sutter, Etzel, Pennsylvania and Olive Street Road. John Sutter (1815–1867) came from Germany with his family in 1831. In 1850, he and his wife Ursula built “The Homestead” (now demolished) on Sutter Avenue near Etzel. Sutter, a dairyman whose business supplied major St. Louis hotels, was the father of 16 children, of whom William Sutter, born in 1846, was one.</p><br>
<p>The Sutter property was located on Olive Street Road, built in 1851 as a plank road to connect St. Louis with outlying farms and communities to the west northwest. A small community on Olive near the Sutter farm became known as Sutter, Missouri, and had the post office for the region. William Sutter sold his house and property in 1875 to Roman Meyer (1847–1913), another German immigrant. Meyer, like many of his neighbors along Olive, was a truck farmer supplying the growing population of St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>The Sutter lands were subdivided over the years for the suburban residences. In 1906, the area was incorporated into the new municipality of University City. In the following years, as the area developed, the Meyer family continued gardening, providing fresh vegetables and fruit for the surrounding new neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, much of the remaining undeveloped land of the Meyer farm was replotted as the Keating Subdivision. Chamberlain was extended west to form a cul-de-sac, and the address of the old house changed from 6805 Olive Street Road to 6826 Chamberlain Court. New houses were built on Chamberlain Court in the 1950s. The Sutter-Meyer house remained in the Meyer family until the death of Edward Meyer, Roman Meyer’s son, in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house as a 1½ story main block, three bays wide and one deep, with a 1-story wing to the rear and a later 2-car garage attached to the northwest corner. All portions of the house are of brick, painted white. The windows are tall and narrow, 2 over 2 double-hung, with segmental arched heads. Across the east front of the main block is a verandah, whose roof is supported by shaped slat-like brackets and square posts on square pedestals. The floor of the verandah is now concrete. Twin chimneys pierce the rear slope of the main roof, they have elaborately corbelled tops. Original woodwork remains throughout the interior, including shaped lintels over doors and windows, and a fireplace in the south room. The staircase ascends away from the front door and turns into the north room; it once had a second flight into the kitchen. Basement stairs descend from the back porch, which was enclosed in 1951. The kitchen has been modernized.</p><br>
<h2>Facts</h2><br>
<p>The lot is a remnant of the original 8.33 acre.</p><br>
<p>The land to the south of the Sutter-Meyer house is no longer open.</p><br>
<p>As of May 27, 2008, the Sutter-Meyer House is no longer privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The building does not have frontage on to Olive Street Road.</p><br>
<p>Mynydd Fforest  is a hill about two miles northwest of Llyswen in the county of Powys in Wales. It rises to 400 m  from the lower slopes of the Epynt.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and forestation</h2><br>
<p>As the name suggests, the hill was covered in trees at one point but like many hills across the country, deforestation took place. Conifer plantations which border Mynydd Fforest have allowed a few European larches, and Sitka spruce to take root.</p><br>
<p>Apart from large areas of moorland, small areas of Mynydd Fforest have been re-taken by native trees, such as mountain ash, sessile oak, holly, hazel, hawthorn, blackthorn, and ash.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous springs and marshes which are home to newts, frogs, and toads. Many species of bird nest in the bracken also, the skylark especially. Buzzards and red kites have been spotted circling the hill on many occasions.</p><br>
<p>Due to the springs and tributaries crossing the paths at different points, there are a few fords along the way.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, due to the construction of the controversial Gas Pipeline from Milford Haven to Gloucester, the path to Brechfa Pool has been cut off and must be crossed by going through gates. Before the construction of the pipeline, one could walk over a very wide area, keeping erosion quite low, but as there is now fence surrounding the pipeline, gates have been set up to allow access to other areas beyond Mynydd Fforest, although there are few gates, so, while in the past people and vehicles were spread over a wide area, they have been funneled into few gates, increasing erosion and habitat loss. Illegal mountain biking has also caused disturbance to skylarks nesting in the bracken.</p><br>
<p>There is still sheep grazing on Mynydd Fforest and there are often ponies to be seen roaming around as well, although these are not wild. The bracken is cut down during August-November to be used as bedding for livestock during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Tinkinswood or its full name Tinkinswood Burial Chamber , also known as Castell Carreg, Llech-y-Filiast and Maes-y-Filiast, is a megalithic burial chamber, built around 6,000 BP , during the Neolithic period, in the Vale of Glamorgan, near Cardiff, Wales.</p><br>
<p>The structure is called a dolmen, which was the most common megalithic structure in Europe. The dolmen is of the Severn-Cotswold tomb type, and consists of a large capstone on top, with smaller upright stones supporting it. The limestone capstone at Tinkinswood weighs approximately 40 long tons and measures 24 ft x 14 ft; it is thought to be the largest in Britain, and also in Europe. It would have taken some 200 people to lift the stone into the correct position. It was originally all covered by a mound of soil, which has been removed over time, now the remaining mound behind the structure measures approximately 130 ft x 59 ft in size.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tinkinswood was a once a village but now all that remains is the burial chamber, which was built about 6000 BP, about 1,000 years or so before Stonehenge was constructed. The site was excavated in 1914, and inside the chamber there were 920 human bones, which were nearly all broken. This showed that at least forty people of all ages and sexes were buried there during the Neolithic period; it would appear to be a burial chamber used by the whole settlement. The corpses of the dead were probably left exposed before being moved into the burial chamber. Neolithic and Bell-Beaker style pottery has also been found, this showed that the burial chamber tomb was probably used by a community over a long period of time, maybe up until the early Bronze Age period. Restoration work was carried out at the same time, with a brick pillar built to support the capstone.</p><br>
<p>From the site two parallel lines of stones form an avenue leading away from the burial chamber to the south east. Along a second avenue to the north east lie many stones. A large single stone stands due east, and two flat parallel standing stones point to the top of the nearby Coed Sion Hill.</p><br>
<p>The site is managed by Cadw, which is a Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the</p><br>
<p>protection, conservation and promotion of the built heritage of Wales. In October 2011, new excavations began at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Myths and legends</h2><br>
<p>Many of the myths and legends of Tinkinswood are also associated with the nearby burial site of St Lythans, a short distance away. Legend has it that anyone who spends a night at Tinkinswood on the evenings before May Day, St John&#39;s Day (23 June), or Midwinter Day would either die, go mad, or become a poet. This legend is similar to the general legend about mountain tops. The group of boulders to the south east of the monument are said to be women who were turned to stone for dancing on the Sabbath day, another legend which is associated with dolmens.</p><br>
<p>Slatechuck Mountain, known as Kaagan in the Haida language, is a summit on south-central Graham Island in Haida Gwaii, formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands of the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is located about 9 km west of Queen Charlotte City, on Skidegate Inlet, and just south of Yakoun Lake, the island&#39;s largest lake, which is the source of the northward-flowing Yakoun River.</p><br>
<p>Slatechuck Mountain is important in the culture of the Haida people as the source of a rare black form of argillite used in Haida art. Known also as "black slate", this form of argillite occurs nowhere else in the world and only Haida have the right to quarry it. The black argillite occurs only at certain locations on the mountain&#39;s slope, above the basin of Slatechuck Creek. The name "Slatechuck" is a local Chinook Jargon usage, combining "slate" with the word for water, river or lake, and is a reference to the creek being where the slate is found.</p><br>
<p>Fort Livingston was a 19th-century coastal defense fort located on Grand Terre Island in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. The fort was named after Edward Livingston who had held positions as Mayor of New York City, USA Senator from Louisiana, and USA Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1974. Original plans for the fort were prepared by Lieutenant H. G. Wright. These plans called for the fortress to be a trapeziform stronghold surrounded by a wet ditch and by outworks on the land side. The walls were constructed of cemented shell, faced with brick, and trimmed with granite.</p><br>
<p>Fort Livingston is one of the largest coastal forts in Louisiana, and is the only fort on the Gulf of Mexico in the state. It is a classic example of American coastal forts of the first half of the 19th century. Today it is in ruins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Grand Terre Island was the home to pirates under the command of Captain Jean Lafitte. These pirates were forced to leave the island in 1814 so the USA government could build a coastal defense fort. This fort was also designed to control the entrance to Barataria Pass, and thereby guard New Orleans against naval attacks from the south of the city. The USA Government bought a tract of land, where the fort now stands, from Etienne De Gruy on the west end of Grand Terre Island. Construction at the site began in 1834, but was suspended in July 1834. Construction resumed in 1840, and construction on the fort itself began in 1841 under the direction of Major P.G.T. Beauregard. A lighthouse was added near the fort in 1856. Construction of the fort was halted with the start of the Civil War, and was never resumed. The fort was never fully completed. The fort was briefly occupied by Confederate forces during the American Civil War, but never saw combat. It was used by the Confederates to protect blockade runners coming into and out of Barataria Pass while en route to New Orleans The Confederate garrison of Fort Livingston was under the command of General Lovell. The garrison consisted of four companies, totaling 300 men. The fort was equipped with 15 guns, including a 32-pounder, an 8-inch columbiad, seven 24-pounders, four 12-pounders, and two howitzers. Confederate forces abandoned the fort after the fall of New Orleans. Following the Civil War, the fort was occupied by a single Ordnance Sergeant, beginning in 1866. The fort was permanently abandoned after a hurricane destroyed most of the structure in 1872. Most of the guns were removed in 1889. The forts last Ordnance Sergeant removed all of the forts remaining ammunition on February 16, 1889 A commercial shrimp cannery which produced the first canning of shrimp was opened adjacent to the fort in 1867. In 1923, the USA Government gave control of the fort and the island to the State of Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 1955, Grand Terre was designated as a state Wildlife and Fisheries reservation. In 1979, the Louisiana state legislature created the Fort Livingston State Commemorative Area. The remains of the fort are somewhat of a tourist attraction, although it is only accessible by boat and is closely monitored by the USA Coast Guard. The fort is located directly east across Barataria Bay from the Coast Guard Station on Grand Isle, Louisiana. Grand Terre Island is also currently home to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries&#39; Marine Laboratory. The fort itself is also part of a wave-protection project being conducted by the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. The project consists of a rock dike built to conserve the Gulf shoreline of West Grand Terre Island and protect Fort Livingston. As a result of tropical storm systems in 2002, the erosion rates along West Grand Terre Island greatly accelerated, requiring some type of protective barrier to be built.</p><br>
<p>Port Pegasus  is located at the southern end of Stewart Island in New Zealand. From the 1890s to the 1950s, Port Pegasus was the site of a small fishing community. There was also a small tin-mining boom in the area in the 1890s. Today, there is no settlement at Port Pegasus, but the location is frequented by tourists, fishermen, hunters, and divers.</p><br>
<p>In 1809, when William W. Stewart visited and mapped the island that was later named after him, he named the small bay "South Port". Later, it was renamed "Port Pegasus" to commemorate the Pegasus, Stewart&#39;s ship.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 1970s near the Tin Range the kakapo was re-discovered.</p><br>
<p>Port Pegasus is only accessible by boat or by foot via an arduous hiking trail from Oban that was first marked out by Stewart Island ranger Roy Traill.</p><br>
<p>Wadsworth Chapel, also known as the Catholic-Protestant Chapels, is actually two separate chapels under one roof on the campus of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in West Los Angeles, California. The structure was built in 1900 and was closed in 1971 after being damaged in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake. It is the oldest building on Wilshire Boulevard and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The structure has fallen into a state of disrepair due to the lack of funds within the Dept. of Veterans Affairs to pay for the required repairs and renovation.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The 388 acre Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in West Los Angeles was deeded to the federal government in 1888 to build the Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. A series of Victorian dormitories were built in the 1890s, and Wadsworth Chapel was built in 1900 to provide a place of worship for the residents of the old soldiers’ home.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building actually contains two separate chapels separated by a double brick wall, with a Catholic chapel at the north end and a Protestant chapel at the south end. Each chapel has a separate entrance, with a tower and belfry. Designed by J. Lee Burton, Wadsworth Chapel had been called an "intricate little jewel box" by Christopher Alexander, the associate curator of architecture for the Getty Research Institute.</p><br>
<p>The building is noted for its eclectic exterior ornamentation and its combination of Colonial Revival (sometimes classified as Romanesque Revival) and Carpenter Gothic Victorian architecture. The Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board has described the Wadsworth Chapel and other original buildings on the Veterans campus as "the most monumental complex of Shingle-style Queen Anne structures ever constructed in the Los Angeles area." The 7,500 ft&sup2; building was built at a cost of $12,400 in 1900 with redwood siding and 21 different types of windows.</p><br>
<p>Though the exterior has been painted all white since 1941, the exterior was originally stained in dark earth tones, with white trim, as shown in old postcards of the chapel. The Protestant chapel was damaged by fire in 1955. The VA lacked funds to repair all of the fire damage, and the balcony of the Protestant chapel has been closed since that time.</p><br>
<h2>Deterioration and renovation proposals</h2><br>
<p>Both chapels have been closed to the public since the 1971 Sylmar earthquake loosened the foundation and caused the northeast bell tower to pull away from a gable. Since 1971, the building has fallen into an ever-worsening state of disrepair, as the VA has been unable to fund necessary repair and restoration work. Despite its neglect for more than 35 years, preservation experts note that the building, the oldest remaining building on Wilshire Boulevard, is a prime candidate for “architectural resurrection.” The VA has estimated the cost of renovation to be $11.5 million, with the required work including replacement of the masonry foundation, seismic retrofit and asbestos and lead paint removal.</p><br>
<p>The expenditure of large sums to renovate the chapel has become a subject of controversy within the veteran community. With the VA lacking funds to provide necessary services to veterans of the Iraq War, many object to spending nearly $12 million to renovate a chapel that has been mothballed since 1972. In a 2007 Los Angeles Times article, one veteran reflected ambivalence about the proposed renovation: “That is such a beautiful piece of workmanship and, yes, it cries out to be repaired..... At the same time, the veterans cry out to be repaired. It’s a moral issue.” Efforts by the Veterans Park Conservancy to raise private funds to pay for the renovation had been unsuccessful as of 2007. The Times noted: “The oldest building on Wilshire Boulevard is a fixerupper duplex of a most unusual sort.”</p><br>
<p>The Talas Ala-Too  range  is range of the Tian Shan mountains forming the southern and eastern border of Talas Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its western end extends into Kazakhstan, and its south-western end joins the Pskem Mountains and Ugam Range of Uzbekistan. Its eastern end joins the Kirgiz Alatau mountains. To the north is the Talas River valley, and, to the south, Jalal-Abad Region. The highest point is Mount Manas  near the Uzbek border. There are four major passes along the range. Ötmök pass  is the road entrance from the east. The main road from Bishkek to Osh enters from the east over the Ala-Bel pass, passes through the Chychkan State Zoological Reserve and then turns south over another pass into Jalal-Abad province. The Kara-Buura pass  and Terek pass  lead south into Jalal-Abad provinces.</p><br>
<p>The Herman Strasburg House is located at 5415 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It is now known as the Wayne State University Music Annex. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Herman Strasburg, Sr., established was one of the leading dance teachers in Detroit in the 19th century. After graduating from high school in 1876, he joined his fathers dancing school, and in 1883 became owner of the business after his fathers death.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Strasburg and his wife Ida purchased this lot on Cass. The following year, they hired architect Marcus R. Burrowes to design the house on Cass Avenue. This was shortly after Burrowes left the firm of Stratton-Baldwin, a leader in bringing Arts and Crafts style to Detroit. Herman Strasburg died in 1918, leaving his dance academy and house to his son Paul. although it is not clear if the house was used as a private residence or a dance studio.</p><br>
<p>From 1925 to 1928, Harrison B. Anderson and Jean Campbell occupied the house, and from 1928 and 1931, Mary Fitzpatrick, who lived nearby, rented out rooms in the house to tenants. In 1931, Bendetson Netzorg purchased the house, and lived there with his parents and sister. He also used the house for his piano school, living there until 1944. In 1949, Wayne State University bought the property, using it first as the Wayne University Choral Studio and later as the Wayne State University Music Annex.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Herman Strasburg house is an asymmetrical, two-and-one-half-story house, and is one of the best examples of Tudor Revival architecture in Detroit containing Arts and Crafts elements. The first floor is clad in attractive red brickwork, while the second floor is characteristically half-timbered. The roof is cross-gabled, with projecting half-timbered gable ends and a pendant decoration at the peak. Most windows are double-hung, although there are some leaded casement windows on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been extensively renovated. However, the original oak woodwork, paneling, and cabinetry remains intact. The main staircase is ornately carved, and the living room has a plastered barrel vault ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Harvard Square Subway Kiosk is an historic kiosk and landmark located at Zero Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was built in 1928 as the new main headhouse  for the previously opened Harvard Square subway station. After the station closed in 1981 for renovations, the kiosk was moved slightly and renovated. The Out of Town News newsstand, which opened in 1955, has occupied the kiosk since 1984., the City of Cambridge  may convert it for public use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Subway entrance</h3><br>
<p>Harvard station opened on March 23, 1912, as the northern terminus of the Cambridge Subway. Early plans called for an upright stone entrance in the center of Harvard Square, similar to those at Scollay Square and Adams Square. The headhouse was ultimately constructed as a massive circular brick structure.</p><br>
<p>As automobile traffic through the square increased during the 1920s, motorists called the building a hazard to navigation. In February 1928, the Boston Elevated Railway demolished the 1912-built headhouse and replaced it with a lower rectangular brick structure with a copper-clad roof. There is debate about the relative contributions to the design by Boston architect Clarence H. Blackall and MIT civil engineering professor, Charles B. Breed; there also was input from Boston Elevated Railway officials, mayor Edward W. Quinn, the Harvard Square Business Men&#39;s Association, and the Public Utilities Commission. The new headhouse, featuring three walls of brick, limestone, and mullion-framed glass windows on three sides, cost around $20,000, of which the city paid $15,000.</p><br>
<p>The distinctive structure became a Harvard Square landmark. In the late 1970s, the MBTA began planning an extension of the Cambridge Subway – by then known as the Red Line – further north in Cambridge, which involved completely rebuilding Harvard station. The original subway entrance structure was already overcrowded during peak hours and clearly could not handled the anticipated pedestrian flow of an expanded station, so it had to be completely replaced for fundamental functional reasons.</p><br>
<p>Public opinion called for the historic headhouse to be saved; under the guidance of the Cambridge Historic Commission, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1978. Harvard station closed for reconstruction on January 31, 1981; the temporary Harvard-Holyoke and Harvard-Brattle stations that replaced it were inappropriate for reuse of the headhouse. The expanded Harvard station, opened in 1983, uses a larger glass and steel headhouse at the original location.</p><br>
<p>On February 13,1981 the original headhouse roof was removed in one piece and stored during subway construction. The remaining components were dismantled or discarded. Following completion of the subway station and new headhouses, the kiosk was reconstructed, with a contemporary façade, slightly north of its original location. No longer needed by the MBTA, the structure was acquired by the City of Cambridge.</p><br>
<h3>Out of Town News</h3><br>
<p>Out of Town News was founded in 1955 by Sheldon Cohen. Located next to a bustling subway entrance, the newsstand was long noted for stocking the leading newspapers from around the nation and around the world, many of which were flown to Boston to be available just one day after printing. Customers, especially academics, came to get the most recent editions of their hometown paper or of newspapers from parts of the world where important news events were unfolding.</p><br>
<p>The newsstand became famous too for its regular clientele and visitors. John Kenneth Galbraith and Julia Child were both regular customers, and Robert Frost once asked for directions at the stand on the way to a reading. Paul Allen, then a young programmer at Honeywell, bought the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics at Out of Town News. The magazine inspired Allen and his friend Bill Gates to found Microsoft that April.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, Out of Town News moved into the former subway kiosk structure, which had been relocated a few feet north of its original location on June 8. Cohen operated several other businesses around the square, and was known as the “unofficial mayor of Harvard Square". Cohen sold Out of Town News to Hudson News in 1994, though it kept its name and unique business model. Responding to the 1994 sale, a citizen group submitted a petition to landmark the kiosk, but the Cambridge Historical Committee decided the lease restrictions on the kiosk were sufficient protections.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, it was announced that the newsstand might go out of business, principally because its unique function of supplying yesterdays newspapers was made obsolete by the ability to read them online. The physical structure also required hundreds of thousands of dollars in repairs. In January 2009, a new owner, Muckeys Corporation, won a bidding competition and signed a lease to take over the newsstand. Muckeys diversified the stands offering with more typical magazines and convenience store fare, but maintained the original name.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the city began studying use and possible renovation of Harvard Square, including possibly further restoration or reworking of the kiosk. When the long-term lease expired in January 2016, the city signed a month-to-month lease ending in July 2017, while exploring its options for the space. In August 2016, the city released plans to convert the structure to a glass-walled public space, despite the lessee&#39;s offer to contribute to the renovations if the business could stay.</p><br>
<p>In September 2016, a citizen group again petitioned the Cambridge Historical Commission to designate the kiosk as a protected landmark, which would effectively stop the proposed major renovation. In November 2016, the Cambridge Historical Commission voted in support of proceeding with a landmark study.</p><br>
<p>Gates Lake, also known as Birken Lake, Tenass Lake, Halfway Lake, and Summit Lake, is a small lake located at the summit of the Pemberton Portage area of the one-time Lakes Route through the Coast Mountains, located at the summit of a low pass connecting the Upper and Lower Lillooet Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia. Birken Lake sits at the divide between the Birkenhead and Gates-Seton drainage, known as the Pemberton Pass or Mosquito Pass, and is part of the Gates River drainage.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous recreational residences surrounding the lake, and a small lodge and cabins and the areas only small store (the Birkenhead Resort) on its northwestern side, adjacent to the main road to DArcy, which follows the road-grade of the older Douglas Road used by the Lakes Route. Birkenhead Peak (aka Mount Birkenhead) is located above the lake to its northwest, while the Cayoosh Range is located to its southeast, with the Place Glacier partly visible from below. A campground with another set of cabins as well as camping, the Whispering Falls Resort, is just northeast of the lake, below its outlet of the lake. The tracks of the Canadian National Railway, originally the Pacific Great Eastern/British Columbia Railway, run along the lake&#39;s northwestern shore in front of the Birkenhead Resort.</p><br>
<p>The Harvard Lampoon Building  is a historic building in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is best known as the home of The Harvard Lampoon and for its unusual design.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed at 44 Bow Street not far from Harvard Yard and close to the "Gold Coast" of residences for undergraduates of Harvard College before the creation of Harvards "house system" (some of them now part of Adams House). Designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright, who also oversaw the construction, it was first opened on February 19, 1909. Wheelwright had attended Harvard University and was one of the founders of the Harvard Lampoon. Wheelwrights design was inspired in part by an old church in Jamestown, Virginia, and by the Flemish Renaissance details of Auburn Street buildings in its vicinity. The building has been described as a "Satirical Castle". Seen from directly front, the building bears an obvious resemblance to a human face wearing a Prussian helmet, complete with spike.</p><br>
<p>During the construction phase of the project he traveled to Europe to procure appropriate furnishings and windows. He purchased leaded windows in Belgium and an Elizabethan mantelpiece in England.</p><br>
<p>The building features a copper ibis, symbol of the Lampoon, mounted on the top of the dome. The statue is roughly 4 ft high and weighs roughly 70 lbs. Though it was first installed in 1909, it has frequently been stolen and returned ever since. On one occasion members of The Harvard Crimson, the student newspaper and rival of the Lampoon, which issues an annual Crimson parody issue, stole the statue and presented it as a gift to the Russian delegation to the UN. After initially promising to install it on top of a building at Moscow State University, the delegation returned the statue.</p><br>
<p>The building cost approximately $40,000 to construct, making it then the most expensive headquarters of a college newspaper in the United States. After the building was first constructed, it initially hosted a small store on the ground floor in addition to the Harvard Lampoon offices and meeting spaces on the other floors; for years the site housed a used book shop, Starr Books.</p><br>
<h2>Reception</h2><br>
<p>Barrett Wendell once described the building as "sturdily honest as the founder who designed it, yet laughing at every turn with freakish gayety and beauty". However, the building&#39;s architecture has been criticized, most notably by former Cambridge mayor Alfred Vellucci. He once described it as "one of the ugliest buildings in the world" and "looks like a witch on a broomstick". He also noted that the location of the building "is an ideal spot for a restroom", and once unsuccessfully proposed a city ordinance declaring the building a public urinal.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Foliage</h2><br>
<p>Vellucci later clashed with the Harvard Lampoon due to a tree that he planted on city land in front of the building in 1961 in order to block the view of the building. He wished to obscure the face of the building because he found it ugly and to avenge local Italian Americans, whom he believed the Lampoon had insulted by claiming that an Irishman (rather than the Italian Christopher Columbus) discovered America. Vellucci&#39;s opposition was also fueled in part by the proposal from members of the Harvard Lampoon to rename a nearby intersection "Lampoon Square", and by the satirical portraits of Vellucci that they published.</p><br>
<p>During the sixties, seventies, and eighties the tree was routinely vandalized, its branches often chopped off and acid was poured on the tree twice. However, in 1991 the tree was completely chopped down. The Harvard Lampoon refused to confirm or deny involvement in the event and a smaller tree was planted in its place. Three years later the tree was felled on the night of Harvard&#39;s commencement. The leadership of the Harvard Lampoon denied any complicity, and suggested that it may have been a false flag operation by members of the Harvard Crimson.</p><br>
<p>The Cambridge Common Historic District is a historic district encompassing one of the oldest parts of Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is centered on the Cambridge Common, which was a center of civic activity in Cambridge after its founding in 1631. It was the site of the election for governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636, and was a military barracks site during the American Revolutionary War. The common was gradually reduced in size to its present roughly triangular shape, and surrounded by buildings in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1973 a historic district encompassing the extant common and everything within 100 ft of it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1987 the district was amended to rationalize the boundary, which overlapped adjacent districts and included portions of some buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district now includes properties across Waterhouse Street to the west of the common, including the Christian Science Church, a Classical Revival structure, the brick apartment houses along and the 1753 Georgian Frost-Waterhouse House, the oldest building in the district. To the north, across Massachusetts Avenue, the district includes Hemenway Gymnasium, Hastings Hall, Gannet House, and the Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church. On the south side, across Garden Street, lie the Old Burying Ground, The First Parish in Cambridge, Christ Church (a National Historic Landmark), and several houses.</p><br>
<p>The 1987 amendment to the district also added a small cluster of residential properties on Farwell Street, a dead-end street that is connected to the district by a footpath adjacent to the Old Burying Ground. It represents a well-preserved collection of properties dating to the 18th and 19th centuries that harken back to the days when Harvard Square was primarily residential in character.</p><br>
